superintendence of his own clergy. 'The Presbyterian Church has not been equally prosperous in this as in other col, mies. and there is still a division in the ranks. 'The Presbytery of 'Tasmania and the Free Presbytery of Tasmania indicate this division. 'There are 17 (barges in all. and 13 ministers.
ti. /'/■< slii/ii rimi church of South Australia. The first Presbyterian Church began in Adelaide iii 1839, and for some years ministers from the different Presby- terian bodies continued to drop in. In 1865 a union was effected. There are now 11 ministers and 13 charges. Union College is supplied by an Independent professor of Church history ; a Baptist, of the Greek Tes- tament; and a Presbyterian, of theology.
7. v u> Zealand Presbyterian church. -Presbyterian- ism was first planted here about the year L840; at least
the first minister went there then. The Church has made good progress, and has been geographically di- vided into Tfo Presbyterian Church of New Zealand and '/'A. Presbyterian Church of Otago. In 1876 the Churcb in the northern section had 7 presbyteries, 57 ministers in charges, and 1 unattached. The Otago branch, founded in 1848 by a Free Churcb colony from
Scotland, had 15 ministers, but ill both sections there is a great demand for more. lie-ides the ministers there
are a considerable number of evangelists who strive in some degree to make up for the want ol a slat, d minis- try. 'The New Zealand Chun lies present the same in- teresting spectacle as other young colonial churches, striving after an organization on the model of Scotland. and having committee- and schemes organized for that purpose. Much ha- been done by the Presbyterian Church for genera] education, and the chair of moral philosophy in the University oft >tago was endowed by them. The effort io obtain a well-educated ministry is conspicuous in it- struggles, and iii Otago a beginning has been made of a theological institution, and a pro- fessor of divinity and various tutors appointed. In other parts of the colony efforts have likewise been made to supply an educated mini-try. lint the difficul- ties in tlii- direction have been u'reat : many Presbyte- rians have joined other churches, and little has been done by the churches at home. Much is done in the
way of Sunday-schools. Young Men's Christian Asso-
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ciations abound. Some congregations do little or noth- ing for missions; others are much interested in them. The New Hebrides Mission receives a good share of help, and recently something has been attempted for Fiji. There are committees for Sustentation, Church Extension, Mission, Temperance, Psalmody, and similar objects in both sections of the Church, betokening no small amount of activity and earnestness.
8. Presbyterian Church in South Africa. — When the Cape became an English colony in 1804, an application was made to the Church of Scotland for ministerial sup- ply, and in 1822 and following years eleven ministers joined the Cape Church. In 1860 eight more Scotch ministers joined this Dutch Reformed body. There are, besides, nine Independent Presbyterian congregations in Cape Colony and Natal, numbering about 1000 members.
9. Other Colonial Churches. — In connection with the Church of Scotland, there are :
Congregations. Ministers.
In South America 14 13
In West Indies 4 4
In Ceylon 9 8
Connected with the Free Church of Scotland are :
Congregations. Ministers.
In South Africa 5 3
In Natal 4 3
In other places 10 9
lit. Presbyterian Church in Japan. — This body was organized in 1878 by a union of all Presbyterian mis- sionaries in Japan. For doctrine, the Westminster Cat- echism, the canons of the Synod of Dort, the Shorter Catechism, and the Heidelberg Catechism were adopted. The constitution of the American Presbyterian Church was chosen as the model for administration.
See, besides the works already quoted in different sections of this article, Smith, Tables of Church History ; Gardner, Faiths of the World, vol. ii ; The American Cyclop, xiii, 809 sq. ; Schem, Cyclop, of Education, s. v. ; Marsden, History of Christian Churches and Sects, ii, 109 sq. ; and Blaikie's Report, all of which we have freely used.
Fresbyteiianism, in its narrowest sense, is com- monly understood as the synonym of Anti-Prelacy. But, in truth, there are three systems of religious opinion, by no means necessarily affiliated, which are, with a notice- able uniformity, found in combination under this name. These are, a Calvin is tic theology, the Parity of the Cler- gy, and Paedobaptism. See Presbyterian Churches. All branches of Presbyterian ism organized themselves into a Presbyterian Alliance in London in 1875 on the basis of the Concensus of Reformed Confessions and Pres- byterian government, and held the first council at Edin- burgh in 1877. The next will convene in Philadelphia in 1880.
I. Doctrines. — The doctrines espoused by Presbyte- rians, in Great Britain and America, are found in the Confession of Faith of the Westminster Assembly of Di- vines, together with the Catechisms, Larger and Short- er, thereto appended. As a system, they are the doc- trines generally known as Augustinian or Calvinistie. Presbyterians coincide with other orthodox bodies in the reception of the Apostles' Creed, the Trinity, Re- demption through Christ, Regeneration by the Holy Spirit, the Resurrection, and Eternal Judgment. They are distinguished specifically by opposition to Arminian, Pelagian, and semi-Pelagian tenets. The decisions of the Synod of Dort on the " five points" of Predestina- tion, Particular Atonement, Original Sin, Special Grace, and the Perseverance of the Saints, have usually been acknowledged as setting forth their views. But while there is a substantial unity on these points, there are shades of difference, from High or Hyper Calvinism to Moderate Calvinism ; from Supralapsarianism to Sublap- sarianism; from Hopkinsianism to Baxterianism; from the unbending Covenanters to the laxer Cumberlands ; from the strict Old School with Scottish predilections to the more flexible New School with New England leanings. Though consenting to be called Calvinistie