In the universities the name refers to those officers who, as representatives of the whole body of masters of arts, maintain the discipline of the university. The proctors are chosen out of the several colleges by turn. The pro-proctors are the deputies of the proctors.
Proctor, David C, a Presbyterian minister, was born in New Hampshire in 1792. He graduated at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. II., in 1818, studied divinity in the Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., was licensed by a Congregational association, and in 1822 was ordained by a Congregational council, and went West under the auspices of the Connecticut Home Missionary Society. His first field of labor was Indian- apolis, Ind. ; subsequently he moved to Kentucky, and took charge of the Church in Springfield and Lebanon. In 1826 he was temporarily called to the presidency of Centre College, Danville, Ky., after which he was with- out charge for a number of years. He died Jan. 18. 1865. Mr. Proctor was an able preacher, and had con- siderable reputation as a scholar. See Wilson, Presb. Hist. Almanac, 1866. p. 167. (J. L. S.)
Procuration. Different meanings have been ap- plied to this word. 1. An entertainment given to the archdeacon with provision for seven horses and six men. 2. An equivalent in money; according to Lyiidwood, Is. Gd. to the archdeacon and Is. to each of the other six at his visitation, to commute for the provision or entertainment which was formerly expected to be pro- vided at the time of visitation. 3. An entertainment made at a visitation for a bishop. In 1336 a money composition was permitted to be offered by pope Bene- dict XII, but only one procuration could be demanded if several churches were visited in one day. The amount varied in different countries. In England an archbishop received 220 turons, a bishop 150, an arch- deacon 50, and an archpriest or rural dean 10. — Wal- cott, Sacred A rchmology, s. v. See Synodal.
Procurator. This word does not occur in the Vulgate or in the A. V., nor is its accurate Greek equiv- alent, tTrirpoTTOQ (though used by Philo, Leg. ad Caium, and by Josephus, Ant. xx, 6, 2, 8, 5; eomp. xx, 5, 1 ; his office is called tTrirpoTn) [ibid, xx, 5, 1]), found in this sense in the Greek Testament, where it is repre- sented by the vaguer term j/yj/iwi', rendered by our translators "governor" (Luke ii, 2; Matt, xxvii, 2; xxviii, 14, etc.). 'Hyepibv also occurs in a perfectly general sense (Matt, x, 18 ; 1 Pet. ii, 14). In Matt, ii, 6 it is rendered " prince," and corresponds to the Hebrew
| CpiX. " Governor" in the A. V. is also used for tSvap- \r]Q (2 Cor. xi, 32). AioacijTijc; is another Greek term for procurator. The word j)yt[iwv, or procurator, is generally applied, both in the original and in our version, to the procurators of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (Matt, xxvii, etc.), Eelix (Acts xxiii), and Festus (xxvi, 30) ; but it is also used of Cyrenius (Quirinus), who held the more responsible and distinguished office of prceses or legutus j Ccesaris over the province of Syria (Luke ii, 2). ProcT urators were chiefly despatched" to the imperial, and not j to the senatorial provinces. See Province. The rev- enues of the latter flowed into the serarium, or ex- chequer, while those of the former belonged to the fis- I cus, or privy purse. The procuratotes Ccesaris were ! specially intrusted with the interests of the fiscus, and 1 therefore managed the various taxes and imposts, per- forming similar duties to those exercised by the quaes- tors in the provinces administered by the senate. Proc- urators were, however, sometimes sent as well as quaes- ; tors to the senatorial provinces (Tacit. Ann. xiii, 1 ; Dio Cass, liii, 15); but these were doubtless offices of less | dignity, though bearing the same title. Procurator is i also used for steward (Plautus, Pseud. 2, 2, 14), attorney (Ulpian, Big. 3, 3), regent (Caesar, B. C. iii, 112), etc. j They were selected from among men who had been con- ' suls or pra?tors, and sometimes from the inferior senators (Dio Cass, liii, 13-15). They were attended bysix lictors, used the military dress, and wore the sword (ibid. 13). No quaestor came into the emperor's provinces, but the property and revenues of the imperial treasury were ad- ministered by the rationales, procuratoi-es, and actores of the emperor, who were chosen from among his freed- men, or from among the knights (Tacit. Hist, v, 9 ; Dio Cass, liii, 15). Sometimes the procurators were in- vested with the dignity of legati, or procuratores cum jure gladii (ry tiri Tvacnv i^ovaia, Josephus, War, ii, 8, 1), and this was the case with the procurators of Ju- daea, which had been made a sub-province of Syria (Trpoo51]K)] Ttjg Hvpiac; id. Ant. xiii, 1,1) since the deposition of the ethnarch Archelaus, A.D. 6. There is therefore no inaccuracy in the use of yyepdbv in the New Test., since we find from inscriptions that praeses j and procurator were often interchangeable (Gruter, p. 493, b). In one respect, indeed, the ->)ytnuviQ were j even more powerfid than the proconsuls themselves j (avSuTraroi) ; for, being regarded as the immediate emissaries and representatives of the Caesar, by whom | they were appointed to an indefinite tenure of office I (Dio Cass, liii, 13-15), they had the power of inflicting capital punishment at their own discretion (John xix, j 10; Josephus, War, ii, 8, 1). They also governed the province when the proconsul was dead or absent, "vice proconsulum," as we see from many inscriptions (Murat. p. 907, 4, etc.). In a turbulent and seditious province like Judaea, their most frequent functions were of a mil- itary or judicial character. The first procurator was Coponius, who was sent out with Quirinus to take a cen- sus of the property of the Jews and to confiscate that of Archelaus (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 1, 1). His successor was Marcus Ambivius, then Annius Rufus, in whose time the emperor Augustus died. Tiberius sent Vale- rius Gratus, who was procurator for eleven years, and was succeeded by Pontius Pilate (ibid. 2, 2), who is called by Josephus (ibid. 3, 1) t'lytpwi', as he is in t>;e New Test. He was subject to the governor (p?-ases) of Syria, for the council of the Samaritans denounced Pilate to Vitellius, who sent him to Rome and put one of his own friends, Marcellus, in his place (ibid. 4, 2). The headquarters of the procurator were at Ca?sarea (Josephus, War, ii, 9, 2; Acts xxiii, 23), where he had a judgment-seat (xxv, 6) in the audience-chamber (ver. 23), and was assisted by a council (ver. 12) whom he consulted in cases of difficulty, the assessores (Sueton. Galb. 14), or qyepoves, who are mentioned by Josephus (War, ii, 16, 1) as having been consulted by Cestius, the governor of Syria, when certain charges were made