for winch ,t is given as an atonement is sertamly no. .^p ;, „„,,„„ . , . „ , :llllill. ,, , . ., , riil;:,. |, is , withoutforce. ...,.,, . «. . possible to sacrifice the common view, which is quite (2.) I he sprinkling ol the bl 1 „i the sin-offering Mtisfactorv, in favor of such schemes as these. The in-
BbOWS that the mere death ol the sacrifice, and the
burning of pieces of its flesh on the altar, were not the |1V Bahr fon cit i> 292
object here as in other sacrifices, What other meaning * H
could the sprinkling have than thai in the blood the ' __ ... _ , .„ .«
life is sprinkled, scattered, and so utterly destroyed? Proportion of Faith. See An vuxn <,/ Faith)
The pouring-Ollt of the blood was not in this case, as
elsewhere, merely a means of killing the animal, bul was the real object in view. But it could only become an objecl when the sprinkling of the blood symbolizes
the substitution ,,| ,),,. sacrifice for the offerer, who has forfeited hi- life by sin.
(3.) The idea that one man could suffer as a substi- tute for another (and hence, according to the Israelii ish
terpretation of Menken has been sufficiently answered p).— Winer. See PjlOPITIA-
Propositiones Damnatae is, in theological lan- guage, every thesis which contains either a dogmatical assertion or one intimately related to dogma, in the form of an authoritative reprobation, supported by the usual arguments afforded by Scripture, tradition, deci- sions of the church, etc. The doctrinal opinions of those who diverge in any way from the belief of the Romish Church are also called propositions, and the de-
raOPIlOCTORS
657
PROSELYTE
gree of divergence is indicated by corresponding quali- fications. If tiie authorities of the Church (general councils, or the pope himself) positively reject those propositions, they are condemned propositions, i. e.pro- positiones danmatce. The doctrines expounded, espe- cially in writings, can be rejected summarily (in globo) without specification, or with special mention of each single proposition. In the latter case each condemned proposition is described by an adjective, which indicates its relation to the belief of the Church: heretical, bor- dering on heresy, erroneous, false, blasphemous, danger- ous, immoral, etc. Such sentences have been pro- nounced, since the Reformation, among others, against the works of Luther, M. Bajus, Jansenius, Quesnel, etc. See Heresy; Index Expurgatorius.
Propi'OCtors are assistants of proctors (q. v.).
Prorowit, a Slavic deity, was represented with four heads on a common trunk. He carried a fifth head on his chest, and held it in such a way that his eyes could see through trvs intervals of the fingers. Many explanations of t^is extraordinary figure have been proposed, but none that is at all concordant with the spirit of the Slavic religions: all these surmises are based on the similitude of the image with that of Janus quadrifrons. — Vollmer, Wbrterb. d. Mytkologie, s. v.
Prosar is the service-book containing the form of the prose (q. v.).
Prosbol or Prozbul (bint/HS or i'COIlS) is the name of a legal enactment instituted by Hillel I, or the Great (q. v. ). Whether the word is equivalent to the Greek TrpofiovXi) or irpoaj3o\i), or, as Sachs pre- fers, 7rpi/c l3ov\y Trptofitvrwi', which latter is preferred by Jost and Griitz, cannot be decided. The reason for this curious legal provision, which, though contrary to the law of Moses, was necessitated by the time, and on the whole a very wholesome one, was that because, ac- cording to the law (Deut. xv), the claiming of debts was unlawful during the Sabbatical year, the rich would not lend to the poor during that year, which seriously impeded commercial and social intercourse. Hillel found that under these circumstances the warning contained in Deut. xv, 9 was disregarded, and in order to do away with this evil he introduced the prosbol or prozbul, i. e. a declaration made before the court of justice at the time of lending not to remit the debt in the Sabbatical year. The formula of this legal declaration was as follows :
mn ^D'j "Oiia bipBiaia "pa1""! isiba c=b 13-101:0
rtS^JKO --2T to 1323.X;r ^31^3 b^X ib 8J125— i. e. •' I, A B, deliver to you, the judges of the district C, the declaration that I may call in at any time I like all debts due to me ;" and it was signed either by the judges or witnesses. Comp. Jost, Geschichte d. Judt nth. u. s. Secten, i, 265 sq. ; Griitz, Geschichte der Jitden, iii, 172; Edersheim, Hist, of the Jewish Nation, p. 305: Frankel, Hodegetica in Mishnam (Leips. 1859), p. 39; Weiss, Zur Geschichte der jiid. Tradition (Wien, L872), i, 172; Sachs, Beitrage zur Sprach- u. Alterthumsfor- schung (Berlin, 1854), No. 2, p. 70; Mishna, Shebiith, x, 1-5; Gittin, iv, 3; Peak, iii, 6; Schiirer, Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte (Leips. 1874), p. 457 sq. ; Buxtorfii Lexicon Tabnudicum et Ghaldaicum, col. 1806 (revised edition by B. Fischer [Leips. 1869-74], col. 898) ; Derenbourg, Essai sur Vllistoire et la Geo- graphic de la Palestine (Paris, 1867), p. 188 sq. : Low, Beitrage zur jiidischen Alterihumskunde (Leips. 1871), vol. i, pt, ii, p. 88 sq. (B. P.)
Prose (Lat. Prosa), the French name for the Se- quence. (1.) The prayer sung in the Mass after the Gradual and before the Gospel on great festivals. It- required the license of the diocesan or the superior of a monastery before it could be used. (2.) A canticle in which no metre is defined. An expression, in loose measure, of the principal circumstances of a festival to be added to the pneuma or adapted to its notes. St. VIII.— T t