Quadrangle is an architectural term used to de- scribe a square or court surrounded by buildings. The buildings of monasteries were generally arranged in quadrangles. See also Quadeatum.
Quadrans. See Farthing.
Quadratum (squared), a name which was given to the nave of a church because of its square form. See Church; Nave; Quadrangle.
Quadratus, bishop of Athens, flourished under the government of Antoninus Pius. Quadratus is reputed to have been a disciple of the apostles and a native of Athens. Under emperor Adrian, while Publius was bishop of Athens, the Christians were persecuted and the congregation scattered. When Quadratus later suc- ceeded to the episcopate of Athens, he wrote, for the purpose of ending the persecution of his co-religionists, an Apology for the Christian Faith, and presented it to the emperor. This Apology, which had the desired ef- fect, was extant in Eusebius's time, who tells us that it showed the genius of the man and the true doctrine of the apostles ; but we have only a small fragment, pre- served by Eusebius in the fourth book of his history, wherein the author declares that '-none could doubt the truth of the miracles of Jesus Christ, because the persons healed and raised from the dead by him hail been seen, not only when he wrought his miracles, or while he was upon earth, but even a very great while after his death : so that there were many," says he, '• who were yet living in our time." Yalesius, and oth- ers upon his authority, make of this Quadratus a differ- ent person from Quadratus the bishop of Athens ; but this assertion is generally rejected. Jerome affirms I
that the Quadratus of Athens and the one reputed to have lived at Magnesia were the same. Nothing certain can be collected concerning the death of Quadratus; but it is supposed that he was banished from Athens, and then put to a variety of torments, under the reign of Adrian. See Eusebius, Hist. Peeks, iv, 3 ; Cave, Hist. Lit.; Donaldson, Literature of the Early Centuries; Lardner, Works; Hook, Eccles. Biog. viii, 173; Smith, Diet, of G r. and Rom. Biog. s. v.
Quadrio, Francesco Saverio, a learned Italian Jesuit, was born in Yaltellina, Dec. 1, 1695. He was of an infirm and susceptible temper, which involved him in sundry broils and disappointments, in conse- quence of which he sought and obtained leave to quit the Order of the Jesuits and assume the garb of a secu- lar priest or abbe. He died at Milan, Nov. 21, 1756. He is noted principally as a secular writer. His his- torical and descriptive work on his own country, which he dedicated to pope Benedict XIV — Dissertazioni Criticostoriche mtorno alia Rezia, di qui/ dalle Mj>i oggi dettaVaUellina (Milan, 1755, 3 vols. 4to)— is the best account extant of that secluded region. But, the prin- cipal work of Quadrio is his general history of poetry in all ages and countries; Storia e Ragione d'ogni Poesia (Bologna and Milan, 1741-52, 7 vols. 4to), a laborious work, containing a vast, deal of information not found collected in any other compilation; and, notwithstand- ing several mistakes and imperfections, is a very use- ful library book. Its composition occupied the author a considerable part of his life. See Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generate, s. v.
Quadripartite is the technical term for the di- visions of a vault into four triangular spaces.
Quadrisacramentarians is a controversial name for some German reformers in Wittenberg and vicinity who maintained that there are four sacraments neces- sary to salvation. \ i/., baptism, the Lord's supper, ab- solution, and holy orders. See Melancthon. Loci Comm. See also Sacramentarians.
Quadrivium (quatuor, four, and via, a road), the
QUAIL
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QUAIL
name given, in the language of the schools of the West, to the higher course ol the mediaeval studies, from its consisting of four branches, as the lower course, for an analogous reason, was called Trivium, or "Three Roads."
The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, ge -
try. and astronomy, ii would carry us beyond our lim- its to detail the nature and extenl of each of these brani li- es as pursued in the mediaeval schools. The reader will find much curious and new matter on all questions of this nature in the volumes of the works of Roger Bacon, lately edited in the series issued under authori- ty of the Master of the Rolls, as also in the Introduc- tion prefixed to the volumes. — Chambers's Ency clop. s. v.
Quail (ibiS [Ki /•(',"":■;• \.seldv; Sept oprvyo/xr/rpa; Vulg. coturnix) occurs in Exod. \iv. 13; Numb. xi,31, 32; l'sa. cv. 10, when- it is mentioned as food of the Is- raelites while they were in the desert. According to Seh uli en, 1 1 hi:;. //,!>. i,231), the Hebrew tpfej is derived from an Arabic root -to lie fat." The round, plump form of the (mail is eminently Suitable to this etj mology : in- deed, ii- fatness is proverbial. Josephus (.1///. iii. I. 5 I, too, expressly names the bird referred to lure ortyx, op- tv'C Iii fact, the Hebrew word "P3",p is unquestionably identical with the Arabic salwd, a "(mail." Neverthe- less, Various opinions have been held as to tin- nature of the food denoted by the Hebrew seldv, which on two distinct occasions was supplied to the Israelites in the wilderness (see Exod. xvi, 13, on which occasion the people were between sin and Sinai; and Numb, xi, 31, 32, when at the station named, in consequence of the judgment which befell them. Eibroth-hattaavab |. Lu- dolf,for instance, an author of high repute, has endeav- ored to show that the seldv were locusts (see his DisSi r- tu/if> <!■ Locustis, cunt Diatriba, etc. .[Franc, ad Moen. 1694]). His opinion has been fully advocated and adopt- ed by Patrick (< 'ommenLon Numb. xi, 31, 32). The dews in Arabia also, as we learn from Niebuhri Besckreib.von Arab.]). 172), "are convinced that the birds which the Israelites ate in such numbers were only clouds of lo- custs, and they laugh at those translators who sup- pose that they found quails where quails were never seen." Rudbeck (IchthyoLBibl.Spec.'i) has argued in favor of the seldv meaning " flying-fish," some species of the genus Exocetus. Michaelis at one time held the same, opinion, but afterwards properly abandoned it (see Rosi nmuller, Not, ad Bochart, Hieroz. ii, 649). A later writer, Ehrenberg | Gt ograph. /.< Uschr. ix,85 ), from hav- ing observed a number of " flying-fish" (gurnards, of the genus Trigla of Oken, Daclylopterus of modern ichthyologists) lying dead on the shore near Elim, be- lieved that this was the food of the Israelites in the wilderness, and named the fish Trigla Tsraelitarum, Hermann von der Hardt supposed that the locust bird [Pastor roseus) was intended by seldv; and recently Mr. Forster {Voice of Israel, p. 98) has advanced an opinion that -red geese" of the genua Casarca are to be understood by the Hebrew term. A similar explana- tion lias been suggested by Stanley <s. and I', p. 82) and adopted by Tennenl {Ceylon, i. 187, note): ibis i- ap. parently an old conceit, for Patrick i on Numb, xi,31 i al- ludes io such an explanation. Some writers, while they hold that the original word denotes "quails," are of opinion that a species of sand-grouse I Ptt rod s alchata),