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tion and superintendence of the Sunday-schools in that city, yet, for the energetic developmenl of the principle, for the carrying-out into practical details and bringing it in the most advantageous form before the country bo ns to render ii a prolific source of public benefit, to Rob- ert Raikes, beyond all dispute, belongs the honorable title of the 1 ounder of Sunday-schools. Three years after the inauguration of the Gloucester instituti the in- habitants of an obscure districl where he had fixed a school remarked that -the place had become quite a heaven upon Sundays compared to what it used to be."
Scl Is of the same kind were, ere long, opened in most
of the large towns in England. A Sunday-school So- ciety was opened in London under the auspices of siieh men .-is Henry Thornton, bishops Barrington, Porteus, and ot her well-known Christians of the period; and. at a genera] meeting of that association, held on duly 11, 17*7. it was resolved unanimously thai, in consideration ,>i i In- zeal and merits of Robert Raikes, he be admitted an honorary member of the society. Wit bin t he sphere of his own immediate experience. Raikes had the Mih- faction of seeing the happiest fruits spring from the institutions in Gloucester; for. out of all the thousands ol ] • children who were educated at those Sunday- schools, it was found, after a long series of years, thai not one had ever been either iu the city or county prisons. Raikes died in 1*11. See Gentleman's Maga- eim il.ond.i. 1784 L831, pt. ii, 132, 294; Sketch of Hu Lift ofJRobt. Raikes, and the History of Sunday-schools (N. X. l8mo); Cornell. I. if, of Robert Raikes | X. V. 1864 i; Jamiespn, Christian Biography, s. v.
Raikes, Timothy, the grandfather of Robert Raikes, was a clergyman of the Church of England,
and of some note, lie was born near the middle of the 17th century, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. After taking holy order-, he was vicar of Tickhill. lie held the vicarate of Hessle, near Hull, , at the lime of his death, in 1722.
Raillon, 3 u ques, a French prelate, born at Bour- goin, July 17. 1762, was educated for the priesthood at the seminary in Lucon, in which he had been placed by bishop Mercy of thai place. After graduation he was made a curate of Montaigu, bul was obliged in the Rev- j olutionary period to quit his parish, and lived for some time at Paris, where he took the defence of the priests in his Appelau Peupk Catholiqut I l~92,8vo*). But he became only notorious, and, by the gravity of the situa- tion, was force,! from the country. He lived for a while at Soleur, in Switzerland, then al Venice, in Italy, ami only returned to France in 1804. lie at once became teacher in the house of l'ortalis, then minister of cul ins. and by his influence Raillon was in 1809 made professor of pulpit oratory iii the theological faculty at
Paris, and titulary can, I Notre Dame. In the latter
capacity he pron ced the funeral orations u] mar- shal Lannes and other distinguished countrymen of his. and bo markedly acquitted himself in this task that he was given the episcopacy of Orleans in 1810. The un- pleasant relations then existing between the govern- ment of France and the papacy, however, prevented bis confirmation, and in 1816 he went into retirement at Paris. The. government, however, was unwilling to Buffer the loss of such a faithful and efficient ecclesias- tic, and in 1829 he was nominated bishop of Dijon and promptly confirmed as such. In 1830 he was made arch- bishop ol Aix, and there he resided until his death, in i - in bis departure from Dijon a medal was struck in In- i o ioi i". ids diocese, so greatly was he beloved. The recently expired Dupanloup ( 1878), who figured as bishop, and more recently as archbishop, of Orleans, al one time involved Raillon in controversy and took offen- sive ground; bul Raillon was universally supported by the French press and a majority of the French clergy, and for a while bishop I tupanloup lost much of his pop- ularity on account of his conduct in this affair. His works are of a secular character, excepting the Histoire
,!, Saint-Ambros< (which was to form four or five vols. in 8vo, but of which the MS. was lost I. See Hoefer. Nouv. Biog. Generate, b. v. (J. II. \\ . i
Rails or mi. Altar date from the time of bishop Andrewes, who calls them - wainscot banisters." and I. and. who intended to preserve the altar from profana- tion by their use. They are. in fact, the cam • lit moved eastward, resembling the mediaeval " reclinatorium," and answer to the primitive altar-veils and Greek "iconos- tasis." At Leamington Priors, St. German's, and Wim- borne they are covered with a white linen cloth at the time of holy communion, a relic of the custom for com- municants to hold the houselling-cloth (dominicale, for the Lord's body) below their chin for the purpose of re- taining upon it any portion of the sacrament which might fall during the administration. The custom was disused at the coronation ofWilliam IV. St. Augustine and Cssarius of Aries mention a linen cloth (linteamen) used by women for the same purpose. Walcott. Sacred Archceol. >. v.