al Halle, he was appointed on .Ma\ 2, 1802, deacon "\
St. Peter's al Hamburg. On Dec. 20, 1818, he suc- ceeded his lather as pastor of St. Michael's. In the year 1827 the Marburg University honored him with the degree of doctor of divinity, and in 1834 he was made senior of the ministry al Hamburg. In 1846 bodily infirmities obliged him to resign the pastorate,
and he retired lo his country-seat in ( Mtcnsen. where
he died Sept. 7, 1851. His main study was that of *. and bis library contained 2200 volumes on
RAMBACII
899
RAMESES
that subject. lie wrote, Supplement? ::>/ Richtt / '.-• biogr. Lexicon geist I. Liederdichter (Hamburg, 180-1) -.—Luther's Verdienst urn den Kirchengesang (ibid. 1813). But his greatest work is Anthologie christlicher Gesange aus der alten mid mittleren Zeit (Altona, 1816-33, 6 vols.); a very valuable collection of Greek, Latin, and German hymns. Comp. Koch, Geschichte des Kirckenliedes, vii, 36, 70 ; Zuchold, Biblioikeca Theologica, ii, 1026 ; Peter- sen, In Memoriam A. J. Rambachii, etc. (Hamburg, 1856). (B. P.)
Rambach, Johann Jakob, was born at Halle Feb. 24, 1693, and died April 19, 1735, at Giessen, where he was professor of theology and tirst superintendent. During his comparatively short life he devoted himself to sacred studies, and produced some valuable works. Besides assisting Michaelis in the preparation of his Hebrew Bible, and of his AdnotaHones Uberiores in II a- giographd, he was the author of Institutiones Herme- neutica; Sacra?, of which the eighth edition appeared in 1764 : — Exercitationes Ilennen., sire p. it Institut. IFerm. (Jena, 1728; 2d ed. 1741): — Comment. ITerm. de Sensus Mgstici Criteriis (ibid. 172s, 1731). His other works are dogmatical anil polemical. — Kitto.
Rambam. See Maimonides.
Ramban. See Nachmanides.
Ranibour, Abraham, a French Protestant theolo- gian, was born at Sedan, the seat of French evangelical Christianity, about 1590, studied at the academy in that place, and closed his career there by his thesis De Potcstate Ecclesice (1608, 8vo). After ordination, he be- came pastor of the parish of Francheval. In 1616 he was called to Sedan, and preached there until 1620, when he was made a professor in his alma mater. He held the chair of theology and Hebrew, and so greatly distinguished himself that he was four times honored with the rectorate of that excellent Protestant seminary of divinity. He died in 1651, and left his colleagues to mourn the loss of a great and good man. All his writ- ings give proof of profound scholarship, and a more than usual mastery of ancient Bible lore. He was an excellent polemic, and what he wrote as such the Ro- manists always found unanswerable. We note here, of his writings of this character, Be Christo Redemptore (Sedan, 1620, 4to), and Traite de I' Adoration des Images (ibid. 1635, 8vo). His sixty-one theses on different Biblical subjects have been inserted in the Thesaurus Theologies Seelanensis, vol. ii. See Ilaag, La, France Protestante, s. v. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Rameau, Jean-Philippe, a very celebrated French musician who cultivated sacred music and was a noted organist, was a native of Dijon. He was born in 1683. His father was also a musician, and was, at the time of Jean-Philippe's birth, organist in the Sainte-Chapelle of Dijon. He was an enthusiast in his love for music, and taught his children the classical works long before they knew their letters. After travelling for some time, creating everywhere great sensation by his wonderful musical genius, Jean-Philippe settled as organist of the cathedral at Clermont, in Auvergne. In middle life he removed to Paris, and became organist of Sainte-Croix de la Bretonnerie. In 1722 he published his Traite de V Harmonic, which laid the basis of his future renown. He died in 1764. His compositions were mostly of a secular character. One of his operas, Samson, was never permitted to be put on the stage, because, as it was argued, it prostituted sacred music. Voltaire and D'Alembert were personal friends and warm admirers of Rameau. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Ramenghi, Bartoloiieo, an Italian artist of note, usually called // Bagnacavallo, from the place of his birth (Bagnacavallo, on the road from Ravenna to Lugo), which took place in 1484, was a pupil of Raphael, and one of his principal assistants in the Vatican, and, after the death of his great master, carried the principles of his st.vle to Bologna, and assisted to enlarge the char-
acter of that school. Raphael was his model and test of excellence, and he did not attempt to look beyond him. Though possessing less vigor than Giulio Ro- mano or Perino del Vaga, Bagnacavallo acquired more of the peculiar grace of Raphael's style, especially in his infants, and his works were much studied by the great scholars of the Caracci. There are, or rather were, works by Bagnacavallo in the churches of San Miehele in Bos- co, San Martino, Santa Maria Maggiore, and Sant' Agos- tino agli Scopettini in Bologna. He died at Bologna ju 1542. See Lanzi, Lives of Paint < is ; F.uglish Cgclop. s. v. ; Spooner, Biog. Diet, of the Fine Arts, s. v.
Ram'eses (Ileb. Rameses', D^'C"^ ; Sept. 'Pa- fieaar] v. r. 'Pa/ifw/'/c), or Raam'ses (Ileb. Raam- ses', DD"2"'l, only in Exod. i, 11 ; Sept. 'VapujG7\), the name of a city (Fxod. i, 11 ; xii, 37; Numb, xxxiii, 3, 5) and district (Gen. xlvii, 11) in Lower Egypt. There can be no reasonable doubt that the same city is desig- nated by the Rameses and Raamses of the Hebrew text, and that this was the chief place of the land of Rameses, all the passages referring to the same region. The name is Egyptian, the same as that of several kings of the empire, of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties. In Egyptian it is written Ra-meses or Ra- mses, it being doubtful whether the short vowel under- stood occurs twice or once : the tirst vowel is represented by a sign which usually corresponds to the Hebrew S> in Egyptian transcriptions of Hebrew names, and He- brew of Egyptian. The name means Son of the Sun, such titles being common with the ancient kings of Egypt, one of whom was probably the founder of the city. See Egypt.