The Raskolniks are divided into two great brandies, the Popovschins and the Jii '.jinpursrliiiis, the former having priests, and the latter none. These again are subdivided into a great number of sects, all of which, however, are included under the general name of Ras- kolniks. The Popovschins are split into several parties in consequence of a difference of opinion among them on various points, but particularly on outward ceremo- nies. They consider themselves as the true Church, and regard it as an imperative duty to retain the un- corrected text of I be sacred books. They consider it to be wry sinful to shave the beard, to eat bares, or to drive a carriage witli one pole. The separation be- tween the Raskolniks and lie- Established Church was
rendered , iplete by Peter the Great, who insisted
upon all his subjects adopting the civilized customs of the West, among which was included the shaving of the beard. Peters memory is in consequence detested by the Raskolniks; and some of them maintain that he was the real Antichrist, ha\ ing shown himself to be so by changing the times, transferring the beginning of the year from the 1st of September to the 1st of Jan- uary, abolishing the reckoning of the time from the beginning of the world, ami adopting the chronology of the Latin heretics who reckon from the birth of ( Ihrist.
The most numerous class of the Raskolniks are ad-
bereiits of I lie old text, who call themselves Sin rOVt rl.i
(those of the old faith), and are officially called Staroo- those of the old rites). There are very numer- ous Beets also included under the general denomination of /.'• zpopovschms, or those who have no priests. The most remarkable are the Skoptzi, or Eunuchs; the Khkstovsckiki, or Flagellants; the Malakanes, and the Bui the purest of all the sects ol Rus- are the Martinists, who arose In the be- ginning of the present century, and have signalized bj their benevolence and pure morality.
Gardner, Faithsofthe fVorld,B.v. SeeRt ssianSe rs; Ri sso-Gri i k i in ri ii.
Raspoui, Cesare, an Italian cardinal, was bom
••'I Ravenna, Jul} L5 1615, of noble family, and lived at Rome in bis youth, lb- Mu. lied under the Jesuits with BUCh SUCCeaS that they made him speak ill public at
fourteen year-, of age. Urban VIII gave him. among other presents, an abbey with a rental of 300 crowns.
A poem entitled Prutceps Hiero-politicvs, dedicated to testified to the gratitude ol lie young bene- ficiary, lie studied Creek: wrote some poetry, both serious and comic, in Italian: and. by the advice of car- dinal Iiarherini. he abandoned his studies of antiquity for canonical law. Admitted to the degree of Doctor,
he took possession, in 1036, of a prelieiidaryship .if the Collegiate Church of St. John Lateran. The office of keeper of the records of thai chapter gave him the op- portunity to collect materials for the history of that church, which he published in 1656. lie showed so much zeal and prudence in fulfilling the important du- ties with n hich lie wa- intrusted that Innocent X. ene- my of the Barberinis, loaded him with additional favors. During a voyage which he made t.. France, he recon- linal Iiarherini with the pope, and was so hap- py as to put an end to the division which bad existed so long between these two families, arresting the mar- riage of the niece of Innocent X with Maffeo Barberini. Then- is a curious manuscript ol this voyage in existence, commencing Nov. 5, 1648, and ending March 1'.'. 1650. Being appointed health officer by Alexander VII, he saved the pontifical domain from the pestilence and famine which ravaged the neighboring countries. In the great quarrel which happened between the ( ..r>i- can guards and the duke de Crequi, ambassador of the king of France, armed with full power by the pope. be showed such a spirit of conciliation that, after the treaty of Pisa, concluded in 1664, the pope accorded to him the cardinal's bat (1666), and called him to the government of the duchy of I'rbiuo. which he kept in spite ofgreaf bodily Buffering. He died at Rome, Nov. 21, 1675. His tomb i> in the Church of St. John Late- ran. lie left a large part of his wealth to the hospital of the catechumens. We have of his works Bistoria Basilica S.Joarmis Latt rani; he also left, in manuscript, Memoires sur sa Vit : —RecueUdes Statute, etc. — Hoefer, .\ ouv. Bioff. < " neralt . s. v.
Raspoui, Felice, an Italian nun. was born at Ra- venna in 1523 of an illustrious house, which, since the 1-th century, had given prelates, captains, senator-, and magistrates to several little Italian states, she was but three years old when the death of her father, senator /eseo. left her to the care of a mother, who brought her up with great rigor. In order to divert her mind from 1 the severe treatment she had to endure, she learned the Latin language: studied, in the translations. Aristotle and Plato; and made the work- of the holy fathers the object of her constant meditations. She was compelled to enter the convent of Sant' Andrea di Ravenna. Hit learning and beauty were celebrated by many poets ol the time. She w a- chosen superior of the con- vent in 1507. She died July :'.. 1573. She left a Traiti d\ la Connoissana <!■ Dieu, and a JHaloffUt surVExcel- Una <A VEtat Monacal, See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ge- nerate) s. V.