habit. April 1. 1222, His example was followed by
several persons distinguished for their knowledge and birth. Pope Gregory IX called him to Rome, ami em- ployed him in 1228 in the collection of the Decretals:
RAYMOND
935
RAYNAUD
he wished even to raise him to the metropolitan see of Tarragona, but Raymond preferred the solitude of Bar- celona to all the advantages which his friends bad hoped for him. Nominated general of his order in 1238, he gave up his charge two years later, and contributed much by his zeal and counsel to the establishment of the Order of Mercy. Peter Nolascus was one of his converts, and so were many other distinguished charac- ters of that period. Indeed, his influence is said to have been so great that the expulsion of the Moors from (Spain is principally attributed to him. Raymond was also made the spiritual director of the king of Aragon, and he persuaded his royal master James to favor the establishment of the Inquisition in his kingdom and in Languedoc, and the popes permitted him to provide for the offices of this tribunal. Pope Clement VIII canon- ized him in 1G0I. We have of his works a collection of Decretals, which forms the fifth volume of the canon law. This collection is in five books, and the author has joined several decrees of the councils to the consti- tutions of the popes : — a Summa on penitence and mar- riage, which he had printed many times : — an abridg- ment of this work, and divers other works which have not been printed, and which do not merit it. Raymond de Penafort died at Barcelona Jan. 6, 1275. He is com- memorated Jan. 23. — Hoefer, Nouv. L'iog. Generate, s. v. See Butler, Liccs of the Saints, i, 200 sq. ; Mrs. Jame- son, Legendary and Mythological A it (see Index).
Raymond ok Sabunde (or Sebunde), a French ecclesiastic, who was a native of Spain, but flourished in the first half of the 15th century at Toulouse, is noted as a philosopher and theologian. About 143G he taught medicine at Toulouse, and perhaps also theology. He is especially noteworthy as the author of Liber Naturaz s. Creaturam, etc., which has had several emendations and translations. Raymond sought in a rational, yet in some respects rather mystical, manner to demonstrate the harmony between the book of nature and the Bible. He asserts that man has received from the Almighty two books, wherein he may discover the important facts which concern his relation to his Creator, viz. the book of Revelation and that of Nature; affirming the latter to be the most universal in its contents, and the most perspicuous. He endeavored by specious rather than solid arguments to deduce the theology of his age, even in its more peculiar doctrines, from the contemplation of nature and of man. " Setting out with the consider- ation of the four stages designated as mere being, life, sensation, and reason, Raymond (who agrees with the Nominalists in regarding self-knowledge as the most certain kind of knowledge) proves by ontological. phys- ico-teleological, and moral arguments (the latter based on the principle of retribution) the existence and trii> ity of God, and the duty of grateful love to God, who first loved us. His work culminates in the mystical conception of a kind of love to God by which the lover is enabled to grow into the essence of the loved" (Ueber- weg). This attempt of Raymond of Sabunde to prove the doctrines of Christianity from the revelation of God in nature has no imitators. It certainly deserved, from its just observations on many subjects, especially on morals, greater success than it met with. Montaigne directed to it the attention of his contemporaries by a translation he made of it. (See Montaigne's observa- tions in his Essays, lib. ii, ch. xii.) The best Latin editions of the Liber Natures are those of Frankfort, 1635, and Amsterdam, 1761. See Matzke, Die natiirl. Theol. des R. v. Sab. (Breslau, 1846) ; Nitzsch, Qucest. RaimundancB, in Zeitseh. fur hist. Theol. 1850. No. 3; Zockler, Theol. Natur. (Frankf. 1860), vol. i ; Hagen- bach, Hist, of Doctrines (see Index); Ritter. Chris!/. Pfrilos. ii, 747-754; Ueberweg, Hist, of Philos. i, 465- 467. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.
Raymond, Lully. See Lully. Raymond, Martin, a Spanish Dominican who flourished in the 13th centurv, near its middle, was in
1250 presiding officer of the eight colleges which the kings of Castile and Aragon had erected in the Domin- ican convents for the study of the Oriental tongues. The principal object of these schools was to fit out mis- sionaries, and to aid the work of missions in all possible Avays. Our Raymond was one of the greatest promoters of that work in his time, and his name deserves to be commemorated in the annals of Christian missions. He died after 1286. He is especially known by his Pugio Fidei contra Mauros et Judeeeis, ed. by I >e Voisin (Paris, 1651), and by Carpzov (Leipsic, 1687). See Hagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines, i, 383; ii, 17.