gan the lection from Holy Writ or the lives of saints in the wall pulpit. During dinner all the gate- were closed, and no visitors were admitted. After dinner the broken fragments were sent down to the almonry for the i r and sick, and the brethren either took the me- ridian sleep, talked in the calefactory, read, or walked, Km in -mne h hi-'- went iii procession to the cemetery and prayed a w bile ban headed among the grave- of the brotherhood. At Durham the frater-house wa- used only on great occasions. It wa- titled with benches and mats. The ordinary tare was pulse, fruit, veg< ta- bles, bread, fish, eggs, cheese, wine, or ale; and the evening nnal. the biben -. collation, mistum, or caritas, consisted of bread and wine, and was followed by prayer in church before bedtime. The dinner-hour at length became put back to noon, and the supper was continued at the old time, about five P. M. At the entrance of the ball there was a large ambry for the mazers, cups, and plate. The Clugniacs distributed the unconsecrated Imsts in hall. The Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci, painted for the Dominicans of Milan, represents the high -table of a refectory of the order. French or Latin only wa- allowed to ],<■ spoken in hall or i Loisti r, and in 1337 meat was not eaten on Wednesdays and Saturdays during Advent, or from Septuagesima to Easter-day. The hall of a guest-house was lined with beds at Clugny and 1'arl'a. for men on one side and for women on the other, while movable tables down the centre were laid out at meal-time.— Walcott, Sacred .1 rcha ology, s. v.
Refine. The art of refining, as referred to in Script- ure, wa- of two different kinds, according as it was ap- plied to liquids or to metals ; and the processes, in them- selves quite diverse, are expressed by different word-. In respect to liquids the primary idea was that of strain- ing or filtering — the word for which was 7~". zakdk (Da. x.nv, 6); but in respect to metals it was that of melting, and thereby separating the ore from the dross and for this the word was T~^. tsardph. Put the first word also in the course of time came to be ust d or other metals, to denote their refined or pure state (1 Chron. xxviii, 1«; xxix. I: Job xxviii, 1 ; Psa. xii, 6; Mai. iii. 3 I. In figurative allusions, however, to the idea of refining, while both words might have been em- ployed, we find almost exclusive use made of that which points to the more searching process of purification by lire (Isa. i,25; xl, 19; xlviii,10; Zeck. xiii, 9; Mai. iii, 2,3). Hence the term "refiner" or smelter i~~^. tso- reph ; T"'S". metsareph, Mai. iii. 2, 3) denotes a worker in metals, specially of gold and silver (Prov. xxv. 4), a founder (Judg.xvii, i), a goldsmith (Isa.xli, 7). That the ancients acquired, in comparatively remote times, Bome knowledge and -kill in this art, as in the working of metals generally, admits of no doubt. See Mi i ai . The EgJ p- tians carried the working of metals to an extraordinary degree of perfection, as their various articles of jewelry
preserved in museums evince; and there is no doubt
that tin Hebrews derived their knowledge of these arts
from this source— though there is evidence that the an of working in copper and iron was known before the
flood it.' n. i\. 22). The Egyptian mments also
give various representations on the subject, and in par- ticular exhibit persons blowing at the fire, with a pet of metal on it. in order to raise it to a melting heal. Sic Bellows. The creation of a heat sufficiently intense lor the purpose wa- the chief element in the proct -- "t refining, although, probably, borax and other substances
were applied to expedite and perfect the result. The
refiner's an was especially essential to the working of i h<- precion- metals. It consisted in the separation of
the dross from the pure ore, which was effected by re- ducing the metal to a fluid stale by the application ol heal, and by the .aid ol solvents, such a- alkali ,~~: A. Y. "purely." l-a. i. 25) or had (Jer. \ i. 29), which.
amalgamating with the dross, permitted the extraction
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of the unadulterated metal. The Hebrews evidently understood the process of melting the metals, not only ti> make them fluid for the purpose of casting, but also for separating from the precious metals the mixed com- mon minerals, such as silver from the lead ore with which it was combined (Ezek. xxii, 18-22; xxiv, 11). The instruments required by the refiner were a crucible or furnace ("VD) and a bellows or blowpipe (nS1?). The workman sat at his work (Mai. iii, 3, '• He shall sit as a refiner") ; he was thus better enabled to watch the proc- ess, and let the metal run off at the proper moment. See Mink. The notices of refining are chiefly of a fig- urative character, and describe moral purification as the result of chastisement (Isa. i, 25; Zech.xiii, 9; Mai. iii, 2, 3). The failure of the means to effect the result is graphically depicted in der. vi, 29 : " The bellows glow with the fire (become epiite hot from exposure to the heat); the lead (used as a solvent) is expended ("iZJXE DO [foe]) ; the refiner melts in vain, for the refuse will not be separated." The refiner appears, from the pas- sage whence this is quoted, to have combined with his proper business that of assaying metals: "I have set thee for an assayer" ("pn2; A. V. "a tower," ver. 27). See Fining-pot.