In appearance, Regius was a man of medium height and spare and delicate figure, easy and yet resolute in his bearing, and characterized by an air of intelligence and moral earnestness. His writings breathe the same Christian spiritwhich belonged to his personality. They number ninety-seven different works, which were pub- lished at Nuremberg in 15G2, the German in four parts, and the Latin in three. His exegetical works deserve attention on account of their practical aim, and the thoroughness and skill with which the sense of Script- ure is developed in them; and, in addition, the follow- ing are worthy of note : Formula? qucedam caute et eitra Scandalum Loquendi de Prmcipuis Christiana Doctrince Locis < 1 535), which has almost reached the position of a symbolical book:— Catechismus Minor (1536), and Ca- techismus Major ( 1537). which are peculiar in that the questions are placed in the mouth of the pupil, and the answers are assigned to the teacher: — Erklarung der zwolf Artikel des christlichen Glaubens (1523); and others, among them several books on Church discipline, which have been often reprinted.
Literature. — The writings of Urban Regius himself contain sources respecting his life, as does also the Vita Urbani Liegii, etc., written by his son Ernest. Comp. also Bertram, lief.- u. Kirchenhist. d. Stadt Liineberg (1719); Meier, Ref.-Gcseh. d. Stadt Hannover (1730); Lauenstein, Hildesheim Reformationshistoria (1720); Gcffken, Dr. Urb. Regius, seine Wahl zum ersten Ilamb. .Superintend, nt,n. etc.': Schlegel. Kirchen- u. Ref.-Gesch. r. NorddeutschL (Hanover. 1828), yoL ii ; Havemann, Gesck. ,1. Lamle Braunschweig und Liineburg (Gutting. 1855), vol. ii ; Heimbiirger, Urbanus Regius, etc. (Harab. and Gotha, 1851) ; Hagen, Deutschlands lit. u. rel. 1 'erhallnisse im Ref.-Zeitalter (Erlangen. 1841-44) ; Uhl- horn. Urban Regius im Abenilmabls.-trei/e, in the Jahrb. f. deutsche Theologie (1860), vol. v, No. 1. — Herzog, Real-EncyHop. s. v.
REGIUS CODEX
1020
REIIOB
Regius Codex. Sec Paris Manuscript.
Reguum, a name for the tiara or diadem of the popes, encircled with three crowns. It is I Bays [nnocenl HLcir. 1200) the imperial crown, representing the pope's power as plenary and absolute over all the faithful. Ac- cording to some authors, Hormisdas lirst wore a crown which had been senl to him as a mark of fealty l>y the emperor Yna-ta.-ins. to whom Clovis had presented it in 550, while Mime refer it to a gift of Constantine to pope At the entrance of a church the pope, when borne on his litter, laid aside the regnum and put on a mitre, bui resumed the former when he left the building. Paul II madeanew regnum, and enriched it with precious stones, when its use had Long lain dor- mant. At firsl it was a tall r id or conical cap, end- ing in a mund hall, and wreathed with a single gold crown, representing regal and temporal power. It is mentioned in the 11th century. In the 9th century, on mosaics, Nicholas I is represented wearing two circles, the lower labelled "The crown of the kingdom, from God's hand," and the upper inscribed "The crown of empire, from St. Peter's hand." Boniface VIII (1294- 1303 i added a second or spiritual crown, while Benedict Ml (1334), others say John XII or Urban V, contrib- uted the third coronet of sacerdotal sovereignty, and about thai time the ornament assumed an oval form, and was no longer straight-sided. The patriarch of Constan- tinople wears two crowns on the tiara. On putting on the tiara, the cardinal-deacon says to the pope. "Re- ceive the tiara, adorned with three crowns, and know that thou art father of kings and princes, the ruler of the world." The crowns represent the three realms of heaven, earth, and purgatory, according to Baur; but as Jewel explains it. the three divisions of the earth — Europe, Asia, and Africa. Pope Adrian VTs effigy at Viterbo has no crowns on the tiara. — Walcott, Sac. Ar- chcRol. s. v. See Tiara.
Regula Fidei. See Faith, Pile of.
Regular Canons (Lat. Canonici Regulares, canons hound by rule), the name given, after the reform intro- duced into the Bystem of cathedral clergy in the 11th century, to the members of those canonical bodies which adopted that reform. They were thus distinguished from the so-called "secular canons," who continued exempt from rule, and who are represented down to modern times by the canons, prebendaries, and other members of cathedra] chapters, in those churches in which the full cathedral system of the Roman Catholic Church is maintained. The rules of the regular canons being va- riously t lined in different countries and ages, a vari- ety of religious orders arose therefrom — Augustinians, Premonstratensians, etc. — Chambers's Encychp. s. v.
See ( ' VNONS, I.'i .i.l LAR.
Regular Clerks are modem religious orders found- ed for preaching, medicine, or education. The principal are the Theatines (q. v.), founded by Paul IV. and the Oratorians (q.v.), instituted in 1550 by Philip Neri, of Florence.
Regulars or Regulares. During the 4th and 5th centuries Ll was not customary to place monks, as such, on an equal footing with the clergy, nor were they re- garded as part of the clerical body until the 10th centu- ry. Before this they wen- distinguished by the name or regulares, and afterwards a distinction full] made between clerici saculares, i. e. parish priests, and those who wire charged with the care of souls, and clerici regulares, i. e. those belonging to mo- nastic ordi re. I hi - name was applied to the latter be- cause they were bound to live according to certain rules (regulas). -Kiddle. Christian Antiq,