D^XB"! is rendered by the Greek versions very vari- ously (Sept. 'Pa<paeip, yiyavTiQ, y?iyevei(:, Stopaxoi, TiTciitc,, and iarpoi [Psa. lxxxvii, 10; Isa. xxvi, 14, where it is confused with D^XST ; comp. Gen. 1, 2], and sometimes vvcpoi, T&vrjicoTu; especially in the later versions). In the A. V. the words used for it are " Re- phaim," "giants," and " the dead." That it has the lat- ter meaning in many passages is certain (Psa. lxxxviii,
10 ; Prov. ii, 18 ; ix, 18 ; xxi, 16 ; Isa. xxvi, 14, 19). The question arises, how are these meanings to be reconciled? Gesenius gives no derivation for the national name, and derives ""I = mortui. from NB"i, sanavit, and the proper name Rapha from an Arabic root signifying " tall," thus seeming to sever all connection between the meanings of the word, which is surely most unlikely. Masius, Simon, etc., suppose the second meaning to come from the fact that both spectres and giants strike terror (ac- cepting the derivation from HB^, remisit, " unstrung - with fear," R. Bechai, on Deut.ii); Yitringa and Ililler from the notion of length involved in stretching out a corpse, or from the fancy that spirits appear in more than human size (Ililler, Syntagm. Hermen. p. 205 ; Virg. sEn. ii, 772, etc.). J. D. Michaelis (ad Loicth S. Poee. p. 466) endeavored to prove that the Rephaim, etc., were troglodytes, and that hence they came to be identified with the dead. Passing over other conjectures, Bottcher sees in XBT and riBT a double root, and thinks that the giants were called CNB"! (languefacti) by a euphe- mism ; and that the dead were so called by a title which will thus exactly parallel the Greek tca/iorrec., KtK/.ii]ic6- teq (comp. Buttmann, Lexil. ii, 237 sq.). An attentive consideration seems to leave little room for doubt that the dead were called Rephaim (as Gesenius also hints) from some notion of Sheol being the residence of the fallen spirits or buried giants. The passages which seem most strongly to prove this are Prov. xxi, 16 (where obviously something more than mere physical death is meant, since that is the common lot of all), Isa. xxvi, 14, 19, which are difficult to explain without some such supposition, Isa. xiv, 9, where the word b^IRS (Sept. oi up%avrtQ ti~]q yrjc), if taken in its lit- eral meaning of goats, may mean evil spirits represented in that form (comp. Lev. xvii, 7), and especially Job xxvi, 5, 6. " Behold the gyantes (A. V. " dead things") grown under the waters" (Douay version), where there seems to be clear allusion to some subaqueous prison of rebellious spirits like that in which (according to the Hindu legend) Vishnu the water-god confines a race of giants (comp. TrvXdpxoc, as a title of Neptune, Hesiod, Theog. 732 ; Nork, Brammin. und Rubb. p. 319 sq.). See Giant. Branches of this great unknown people were the following ;
1. Emim (D'172",X; Sept. 'O/zjuiV, 'IfijiaXoi), smitten by Chedorlaomer at Shaveh Kiriathaim (Gen. xiv, 5), and occupying the country afterwards held by the Mo- abites (Deut. ii, 10), who gave them the name B'173",X, " terrors." The word rendered " tall" may perhaps be merely " haughty" (laxvovrtq). See Emim.
2. Anakim (E^pi"). The imbecile terror of the spies exaggerated their proportions into something su- perhuman (Numb, xiii, 28, 33), and their name became proverbial (Deut. ii, 10; ix, 2). See Anakim.
3. Zuzim (D^TIT), whose principal town was Ham (Gen. xiv, 5), and who lived between the Anion and the Jabbok, being a northern tribe of Rephaim. The Am- monites who defeated them called them Zamzummim, D^ST^T (Deut. ii, 20 sq., which is, however, probably an eariy gloss).— Smith. See Jour. Sac. Lit., Oct. 1851, p. 151 sq.; Jan. 1852, p. 363 sq.; April, 1852, p. 55 sq.; July, 1852, p. 302 sq.; Oct. 1852, p. 87 sq.; Jan. 1853, p. 279 sq. See Zuzim.
REPHAIM, Valley of (Heb. E'mek Rephaim', p£3> D^XSl; Sept. ?'/ KoiXdg twv Tiraviov or PiydvTOJv; in Josh, yt) or 'EfitK 'Pacpatv; in Isa. (pdpayt, areped, Vulg. ral/is Raphaim or gigantvm; A. V." valley of the giants" in Josh, xv, 8; xviii, 16), a valley beginning adjacent to the valley of Hinnom, south-west of Jerusa- lem, and stretching away south-west on the right of the road to Bethlehem (Josh.xv, 8; xvii, 5; xviii, 6; 2 Sam. v, 18, 22). The valley appears to derive its name from the ancient nation of the Rephaim. It may be a trace
REPHAIM, VALLEY OF
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of an early settlement of theirs, possibly after they were driven from their original seats east of the Jordan by Chedorlaoraer (Gen. xiv, 5), ami before they again mi- grated northward to the more secure wooded districts in which we find them at the date of the partition of the country among the tribes (Josh. xvii. 15 ; A. V. "giants"). In this case ii is a parallel to the "mount of the Amal- ekites" in the centre of Palestine, and to the towns bearing the name of the Zemaraim, the Avim, theOph- nites, etc, which occur so frequently in Benjamin.
The palley of Rephaim is first mentioned in the de- scription given by Joshua of the northern border of Judah. The passage is important: "The border went np by the valley of the sou ofHinnom unto the south side of the Jebusite: the same is Jerusalem; and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth be- fore the valley of Ilinnom westward, which is at the end of the valley of the giants northward" (xv,8). The list clause in the Hebrew is not quite clear (n^p2 n:*i^ Z^XZ~~~'2V). It may mean that the boundary- line was north of the valley, or that the valley was north of the boundary. The latter construction is possible; but the former is unquestionably the more natural, and is supported by the Sept. and the Vulgate, and also by tn. i-t commentators. If this interpretation be admitted, the situation of the valley is certain: il lay on the south of the hill which enclosed Ilinnom on the west. This