There are several difficulties which occur to every one on first reading this passage. (1) The opening of the doors and the undoing of the bonds by the earthquake seem incredible to one who thinks of doors like those in our prisons and of handcuffed prisoners. But any one
Sec. 4- The Prison and the Earthquake. 221
that has seen a Turkish prison will not wonder that the doors were thrown open : each door was merely closed by a bar, and the earthquake, as it passed along the ground, forced the door posts apart from each other, so that the bar slipped from its hold, and the door swung open. The prisoners were fastened to the wall or in wooden stocks, v. 24 ; and the chains and stocks were detached from the wall, which was shaken so that spaces gaped between the stones. In the great earthquakes of 1880 at Smyrna, and 1881 at Scio, I had the oppor- tunity of seeing and hearing of the strangely capricious action of an earthquake, which behaves sometimes like a playful, good-natured sprite, when it spares its full terrors.
(2) Why did not the prisoners run away when their fetters were loosed ? The question is natural to those who are familiar with the northern races, and their self-centred tenacity of purpose and presence of mind. An earthquake strikes panic into the semi-oriental mob in the JEgean lands ; and it seems to me quite natural that the prisoners made no dash for safety when the opportunity was afforded them. Moreover, they were still only partially free ; and they had only a moment for action. The jailor was also roused by the earthquake, and came to the outer door ; he was perhaps a soldier, or at least had something of Roman discipline, giving him presence of mind ; his call for lights brought the body of diogmitai or other class of police who helped to guard the prisoners ; and the opportunity was lost.
(3} It was midnight, and the jailor had to call for lights : how could Paul from the inner prison see that the jailor was going to kill himself? We must under- stand that the inner prison was a small cell, which had
222 The Churches of Macedonia. Chap. X.
no window and no opening, except into the outer and larger prison, and that the outer prison, also, had one larger door in the opposite wall ; then, if there were any faint starlight in the sky, still more if the moon were up, a person in the outer doorway would be distinguish- able to one whose eyes were accustomed to the darkness, but the jailor would see only black darkness in the prison.
The jailor was responsible with his life for the safety of his prisoners ; and, concluding from the sight of the open door that they had managed to set themselves free, and open the door, and escape, he preferred death by his own hand, to exposure, disgrace, and a dishonour- able death.
The Bezan Text preserves in v. 30 a little detail, which is so suggestive of the orderly well-disciplined character of the jailor, that we are prompted to accept it as genuine. The jailor first attended to his proper work, and secured all his prisoners ; and thereafter he attended to Paul and Silas, and brought them forth. It seems highly improbable that a Christian in later time would insert the gloss that the jailor looked after his prisoners before he cared for his salvation ; it is more in the spirit of a later age to be offended with the statement that the jailor did so, and to cut it out.
In his subsequent action to Paul and Silas, the jailor was not acting illegally. He was responsible for produc- ing his prisoners when called for ; but it was left to himself to keep them as he thought best.
5. RELEASE AND DEPARTURE FROM PHILIPPI. (XVI 35) AND WHEN DAY WAS COME THE PRAETORS SENT THE LICTORS, WITH THE MESSAGE to the jailor : " LET THOSE MEN GO ". (36) AND THE JAILOR