the words buffeted (1, ti. 20), the tree (rd EdAov, an unusual word, used by him, Acts v. 30; x. 39), and stripe or weal (1, ii. 24), in the light of the gospel narratives of Ohrist’s sufferings. Christ had called Simon a rock, and a little later a stwmbling-block. Peter combines both words into one phrase, a rock of offence (1, ii. 8). A very striking instance appears in the reference to the Transfiguration (2, i. 17, 18), where he uses the peculiar word &o050s, decease ; lit., going out, which occurs in Luke ix. 31, and also in Heb. xi.22. Compare, also, tabernacle, in 2, 1. 18, 14, with det ws make three tabernacles.
Both epistles are pervaded with an Old-Testament atmos- phere. The testimony of Old-Testament prophecy, teaching, and history is emphasized (1, i. 10-12; iii. 5, 6, 20; 2, 1. 19- 91; ii, 1, 4-8, 15, 16; ili. 2,5, 6). Old-Testament quotations and references are brought into the text, though the intro- ductory formulas, because it is written, and wherefore it is con- tained in scripture, do not occur in the second epistle; and the interweaving, as of familiar expressions, is not so conspicuous there as in the first epistle (see 1, i. 16, 24, 25; ii. 6, 7, 9, 10, 28, 243 iii. 6, 10,14; iv. 8,18; v. 5, 7; 2, i: B21; a. 5, 6, 7, 15,.21 3 iii, 5, 6, 8, 13). The church of Christ is repre- sented as the church of Israel perfected and spiritualized (1, il. 4-10); the exhortation to holiness (1, i. 15, 16) is given in the language of Lev. xi. 44; Christ is described (1, ii. 6) in the terms of Isaiah xxviii. 16, and Ps. exviii. 22; and the prophetic utterance of Isaiah concerning the servant of Jehovah (li. 13— lili. 12) reappears in 1, ii. 23, 24.
The epistles are evidently the work of a Jew. We find, as we might expect, the writer illustrating his positions from Jew- ish history and tradition, as in his references to Noah, Sarah, Balaam, and his use of the word pavyticpos, sprinkling (1, i. 2), a peculiarly Levitical term. Ile shows how the spirit of Christ dwelt in the Old-Testament prophets, and how Christians are a royal priesthood.
The resemblance, both in ideas and expressions, to pas- sages in the epistles of Paul and James is marked, especially
in the first epistle. It will be instructive to compare the fol- lowing :