1. Also an elder (cuumpeoBirepos). Only here in New Testament. Better, as Rev., fellow-elder, The expression is decisive against the primacy of Peter.
Cu. V.] THE FIRST GENERAL EPISTLE OF PETER. 665
Witness (udprus). The word is used in the New Testament to denote (a) a spectator or eye-witness (Acts x. 89; vi. 13). (8) One who f¢estéfies to what he has seen (Acts i. 8; v. 32). (¢) In the forensic sense, a witness in court (Matt. xxvi. 65; Mark xiv. 63). (d) One who vindicates his testimony by suffering: a martyr (Acts xxii. 20; Heb. xii. 1; Apoe. ii. 13; xvii. 6). The first three meanings run into each other. The eye-witness, as a spectator, is always such with a view to giving testimony. Hence this expression of Peter cannot be limited to the mere fact of his having seen what he preached; especially since, when he wishes to emphasize this fact, he employs another word, ésrdarns (2 Pet. i. 16). Therefore he speaks of himself as a witness, especially in the sense of being called to testify of what he has seen.
Partaker (xowavos). This use of the word, expressing a present realization of something not yet attained, occurs in no other writer in the New Testament. See on 2 Bap 2.
2. Feed (omdvate). Better, Rev., tend, since the verb de- notes all that is included in the office of a shepherd—guiding, guarding, folding, no less than feeding, which latter is expressed by Bock. There i is, doubtless, a reminiscence in the word of Christ’s charge to Peter (John xxi. 15-17). Both words are used there: “ Feed (Boone) my lambs” (ver. 15); “tend (motuavve) my sheep” (ver. 16); “feed (Boone) my sheep” (ver.17). The A. V. obliterates the distinction by rendering all three feed. Bengel rightly remarks, “ Feeding is part of tending.” See on Matt. ii. 6.
Taking the oversight. The best texts omit. tev. retains. By constraint (dvayxactas). Only here in New Testament. Willingly (éxovciws). Only here and Heb. x. 26.
For filthy lucre (aicypoxepdas). From aioypds, disgrace- ful, and «épS0s, gain. Only here in New Testament. The
666 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. V.
word filthy is intended to convey the idea which lies in aicypos, base or dishonorable ; becoming such if it is made the motive of the minister’s service. Compare 2 Cor. xii. 14.
Willingly (apo9vuws). Not strong enough. The word is compounded of pd, forward, and Iupos, heart or spirit. Hence Rey., with a ready mind ; a forward spirit ; denoting not mere willingness, but zeal. Only here in New Testament. Compare the kindred adjective mpoIupos, ready (Rom. i. 15 ; Matt. xxvi. 41; Mark xiv. 38), and the kindred noun spodupla, readiness (2 Cor: viti; 11, 12, 195 1x. 2).
3. As lording it (cataxupsedvovtes). See Matt. xx. 25; Acts xix. 16. Other words are used for the exercise of legitimate authority in the church: mpolornus, to be over (1 Thess. v. 12 ; 1 Tim. v. 17); qowpaive, as ver. 2, tend. But this carries the idea of high-handed rule.
Heritage («Ajpwv). Plural. KaAsjpos means a lot. See on inheritance, ch. i. 4. From the kindred adjective «dnpuixds comes the English cleric, contracted into eerk, which in eccle- siastical writings originally signified a minister ; either as being chosen by dot like Matthias, or as being the lot or inheritance of God. Hence Wycliffe translates the passage, “neither as hav- ing lordship in the clergie.” As in the Middle Ages the clergy were almost the only persons who could write, the word clerk came to have one.of its common modern meanings. The word here, though its interpretation is somewhat disputed, seems to refer to the several congregations—the lots or charges assigned to the elders. Compare rpocexAnpodnoar, were added as dis- ciples; A. V., consorted with (Acts xvii. 4). Rev. renders charge. Why not charges ?
Examples (rvzroz). Peter uses three different terms for a pattern or model: broypauypos, a writing-copy (ch. ii. 21); broderywa, for which classical writers prefer mapddevypa, an architects plan or a sculptors or painter's model (2 Pet. ii. 6); tumros (see on ch. iii. 21), of which our word type is nearly a