Being instructed (catnyovpevos). Systematically through catechetical and synagoguic instruction. See on Luke i. 4. This formal instruction is the basis of the critical discrimina- tion.
20. Instructor (adeut7v). Rev., corrector. Better, be- cause emphasizing the element of descipline or training. See on chastise, Luke xxiii. 16.
Of babes (vyn7iwv). The term used by the Jews to desig- nate proselytes or novices. Paul uses it of one not come of legal age, Gal. iv. 1.
The form—in the law (wépdwawv). Not mere appearance, but the scheme, the correct embodiment of the lineaments of truth and knowledge in the law.
21. Thou that preachest (0 xnpvccwv). See on Matt. iv. 17. Stealing is so gross a vice that one may openly denounce it.
22. Sayest (Aéyov). The denunciation is not so pronounced. The Talmud charges the crime of adultery upon the three most illustrious Rabbins.
Abhorrest (BdeAvacdpevos). The verb means originally zo turn away from a thing on account of the stench. See on abomination, Matt. xxiv. 15.
30 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. IL.
Commit sacrilege (iepoovdeis). Rev. renders according to the etymology, iepdy temple, avrdw to despoil; hence rob temples. Some explain, the pillage of idol temples; others, robbing the Jewish temple by embezzlement, withholding the temple tribute, etc. The robbery of temples as practised by the Jews is inferred from Acts xix. 37. Compare Josephus, “ Antiq.,” iv., 8, 10, where he lays down the law not to plunder Gentile temples, nor to seize treasure stored up there in honor of any god.*
93. Transgression (apa8dcews). Trench remarks upon “the mournfully numerous group of words” which express the different aspects of sin. It is duaptia the missing of a mark ; mrapdBacts the overpassing of a line; mapaxon the disobedience to a voice; Tapdrtapa a falling when one should have stood ; dryvenua ignorance of what one should know ; frtnpa a demin- ishing of what should be rendered in full measure ; avopia or mapavoula non-observance of law; mrnppédeva discord.
The primary sense of the preposition wapd is beside or by, with reference to a line or extended surface. Hence it indicates that which is not on its true line but beside it, either in the way of falling short or of going beyond. Thus, in the sense of going beyond, Rom. xii. 8, to think more highly than he ought (wap 6 det), where the sense of beyond is fixed by umeppoveiv “to think beyond or over.” So Luke xiii. 2. In the sense of falling short, Thucydides, iii., 49: “ Mitylene came near such peril ” (rapa tocodro xwdvvov), as if parallel to the danger but not touching it. Hence wapdBacrs differs from the Homeric imepBacia transgression, in that the latter carries only the idea of going beyond or over. A mark or line as a standard is thus implied. Transgression implies something to transgress. With the law came in the possibility of transgressing the law. ‘“ Where there is no law there is no transgression” (Rom. iv. 15). Hence Adam’s sin is called @ transgression (Rom. v. 14), because 1° was the violation of a definite command. Paul habitually uses the word and its kindred tapaBadrns transgressor, of the trans-
*See also Bishop Lightfoot in ‘‘Contemporary Review,” 1878, and 2 Macce., iv. 42.
Cu. III] THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. 31
gression of a commandment distinctly given (Gal. iii. 19; 1 Tim. ii. 14; Rom. ii. 25, 27). Hence it is peculiarly appropri- ate here of one who boasts in the law. It thus differs from dpaptia sin (see on sins, Matt. i. 21), in that one may sin with- out being under express law. See Rom. v. Sin (duaprtia) was in the world until the law; i.e., during the period prior to the law. Death reigned from Adam to Moses over those who had not sinned (a4waptynoavtas) after the similitude of Adam’s trans: gression (mapaBdcews). The sin is tmplicit, the transgression explicit.