May not be bold—think to be bold (Jappioa—rorphaar). The A. V. thus misses the distinction between the two verbs. The former signifies to be stout-hearted or resolutely confident in view of one’s conscious strength or capacity ; the latter, to carry this feeling into action; to dare. The distinction is not easy to represent by single English words. It might be ap- proximately given by brave and bold, though, in common usage, this distinction practically disappears. Oappjoas does not so much emphasize fearlessness as the more positive quality of cheerful confidence in the presence of difficulty and danger, the sense which appears in the earlier usage of drave as gay (see the various uses in Shakspeare). Hence Rev. is on the right line in the use of courage, from cor heart, through the French coeur. Rey. renders, show couwrage—be bold. In classical Greek, the kindred noun $dpaos is sometimes, though not often, used in a bad sense, audacity, as in Homer, where Minerva is re- buking Mars for exciting strife among the gods with stormy or Surious courage (Sdpaos antov, “liad,” xxi., 395). So the reckless daring of Hector is described as JIdpaos puins the ef- Srontery of a fly (“ Iliad,” xvii., 570).
3. In the flesh. Being human, and subject to human con- ditions.
War (otpatevopeda). Serve as soldiers: carry on our cam- paign. See on Luke iii. 14; Jas. iv. 1.
After the flesh. Or according to (Rev.). Quite a different thing from being zn the flesh.
340 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. ize, Xe
4, Carnal. Rev., better, of the flesh, thus preserving the play on the words. The idea of weakness attaches to that of fieshliness. See on odp€ flesh, sec. 4, Rom. vii. 5.
Through God (76 9e8). Lit., mighty wnto God, in God’s sight. See on eaceeding fair, Acts vii. 20. Rev., before God. °
Pulling down (xaSaipeow). Only in this epistle. Compare Luke i. 52. Also used of taking down pride, or refuting argu- ments.
Of strongholds (6yupwudtewv). Only here in the New Test- ament. From éyw to hold, so that holds is an accurate render- ing. Compare keep, a dungeon. The word is not common in classical Greek, but occurs frequently in the Apocrypha. In its use here there may lie a reminiscence of the rock-forts on the coast of Paul’s native Cilicia, which were pulled down by the Romans in their attacks on the Cilician pirates. Pompey inflicted a crushing defeat upon their navy off the rocky strong- hold of Coracesium on the confines of Cilicia and Pisidia.
5. Casting down (xaSapodvres). Not the weapons, but we: we war, casting down, ete.
High thing (tyapa). Only here and Rom. viii. 89. Fall- ing in with the metaphor of strongholds. High military works thrown up, or lofty natural fastnesses with their battlements of rock. The word is also used in the Septuagint and Apocrypha of mental elevation, as Job xxiv. 24, where the Septuagint reads “his haughtiness hath harmed many.”
Exalteth itself (ésracpouevov). Rev., is ewalted. Aeschylus uses a similar metaphor in Atossa’s dream of the two women whom Xerxes yoked to his chariot: ‘“ And the one towered (eqoupyovro) loftily in these trappings” (‘‘ Persae,” 190).
Bringing into captivity (aiywadrwrifovres). Or leading away captive. The military metaphor is continued ; the lead- ing away of the captives after the storming of the stronghold. See on captives, Luke iv. 18. The campaign against the Cilic- ian pirates resulted in the reduction of a hundred and twenty
Cua THE SECOND EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS. 341
strongholds and the capture of more than ten thousand pris. oners.
Thought (vonua). See on ch. iii. 14.
To the obedience of Christ. In pursuance of the meta- phor. The obedience is the new stronghold into which the captives are led. This is indicated by the preposition eis into or unto.
6. To avenge all disobedience, etc. The military meta- phor continued. After most have surrendered and thus ful- filled their obedience, some rebels may remain, and these will be punished.