1. Therefore (rovyapodv). An emphatic particle, strongly affirming the facts on which the following exhortation is based.
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We also are compassed (xal jueis). According to this the sense would be, those described in ch. xi were compassed with a cloud of witnesses, and we also are so compassed. Wrong. The we also should be construed with let us run. ‘Therefore let us also (as they did) run our appointed race with patience.”
Seeing we are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses (rocodrov éyovtes mrepixe(pevov Huiv vépos wapTu- pov). Lit. having so great a cloud of witnesses lying around us. Négos cloud, N. T.°, means a great mass of cloud covering the entire visible space of the heavens, and therefore without definite form, or a single large mass in which definite outlines are not emphasised or distinguished. It thus differs from vepéAn, which is a detached and sharply outlined cloud. Négos is therefore more appropriate to the author’s image, which is that of a vast encompassing and overhanging mass. The use of cloud for a mass of living beings is familiar in poetry. Thus Homer, a cloud of footmen (11. xxiii. 133): of Trojans (Il. xvi. 66). Themistocles, addressing the Atheni- ans, says of the host of Xerxes, ‘we have had the fortune to save both ourselves and Greece by repelling so great a cloud of men” (Hdt. viii. 109). Spenser, F. Q. i. 1, 23:
‘‘ A cloud of cumbrous gnattes doe him molest.” Milton, Par. L. i. 340:
‘A pitchy cioud of locusts.”
Witnesses (uaptvpwv) does not mean spectators, but those who have borne witness to the truth, as those enumerated in ch. xi. Yet the idea of spectators is implied, and is really the princi- pal idea. The writer’s picture is that of an arena in which the Christians whom he addresses are contending in a race, while the vast host of the heroes of faith who, after having borne witness to the truth, have entered into their heavenly rest, watches the contest from the encircling tiers of the arena, compassing and overhanging it like a cloud, filled with lively interest and sympathy, and lending heavenly aid. How striking the contrast of this conception with that of Kaul-
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bach’s familiar “ Battle of the Huns,” in which the slain warriors are depicted rising from the field and renewing the fight in the upper air with aggravated fury.
Weight (éyxov). N.T.°, °LXX. Lit. bulk, mass. Often in Class. Sometimes metaphorically of a person, dignity, importance, pretension: of a writer’s style, loftiness, majesty, impressiveness. Rend. “encumbrance,” according to the figure of the racer who puts away everything which may hinder his running. So the readers are exhorted to lay aside every worldly hindrance or embarrassment to their Christian career.
And the sin which doth so easily beset (cal rnp evrrepio- TaTov auaptiav). Kat adds to the general encumbrance a specific encumbrance or hindrance. ’Euzepictatos N. T.°, OLXX, Class. From ed readily, deftly, cleverly, and mepiic- tacGat to place itself round. Hence, of a sin which readily or easily encircles and entangles the Christian runner, like a long, loose robe clinging to his limbs. Beset is a good rend- ering, meaning to surround. In earlier English especially of surrounding crowns, etc., with jewels. So Gower, Conf. Am. i. 127:
‘¢ With golde and riche stones beset.’’ Shakespeare, Two Gent. Ver. v. 3:
‘¢ The thicket is beset ; he cannot ’scape.”’
The sin may be any evil propensity. The sin of unbelief naturally suggests itself here.
With patience (6? troporas). “Tropuovy includes both passive endurance and active persistence. See on 2 Pet. i. 6, and Jas. v. 7. For this use of 6” with, see on ch. ix. 11.
The race (rv ayava). Instead of a specific word for race (Spéuos), the general term contest is used. For mpoxetuevov set before, see on ch. vi. 18.