Ver. 14. διὰ τ. ἐπ., implying that the matter ends with this letter (Weiss) ; Paul has spoken his last word on the subject. With this and the following verse, cf. Did. xv. 3 (ἐλέγχετε δὲ ἀλλήλους μὴ ἐν ὀργῇ ἀλλ᾽ ἐν εἰρήνῃ, ὡς ἔχετε ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ - καὶ παντὶ ἀστοχοῦντι κατὰ τοῦ ἑτέρον μηδεὶς λαλείτω μηδὲ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν ἀκουέτω, ἕως οὗ μετανοήσῃ).--- ἐντραπῇ, “be ashamed” (= αἰδεῖσθαι as often).
Ver. 15. Disapproval, as a means of moral discipline, loses all its effect if the offender does not realise its object and reason (vov@eretre), or if it is tainted with personal hostility.—a@s ἀδελφόν. Com- pare the fine saying of Rabbi Chanina ben Gamaliel on Deut. xxv. 3, that after the punishment the offender is expressly called brother, not sinner.
Ver. 16. εἰρήνην, as opposed to these fears and troubles of the church. Κύριος is probably, in accordance with Paul’s usual practice, to be taken as = Jesus Christ, but the language of ver. 5 and of
54
t Emphatic: the cen- sured as well as : de a ἡ thesteady ἐπιστολῇ ' " οὕτω γράφω. members. ή
u Cf. ont 18. ἢ Cor. xvi.
21, and 2 Cor. xiii. 13.
ὁ Κύριος μετὰ “πάντων ὑμών. 17. 6° ἀσπασμὸς τῇ ἐμῇ χειρὶ Παύλου, ὅ ἐστι σημεῖον ἐν πάσῃ
A , ε - 3 “- A νε ᾿ cia χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμών Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ "πάντων ὑμῶν.
v Autograph as means of recognising authenticity, cf. Abbott, Joh. Gram.
2691, and Cicero’s Catt. iii. 5, Plautus, Bacch. iv. 4, 78, etc.
I., v.23, makes the reference to God quite possible.
Vv. 17, 18. Conclusion. Paul now takes the pen from his amanuensis, to add the salutation in his own handwrit- ing ior the purpose of authenticating the epistle (otherwise in 1 Cor. xvi. 21). This, he observes, is the sign-manual of his letters (cf. 11. 2), {.ε., the fact of a personal written greeting at the close, not any form of words (like ver. 18), or the use of the word “ grace,” or “" certum quendam nexum literarium” (Grotius).
The precaution is natural, in view of his suspicion about unauthorised communica- tions. Compare “the σεσημείωμαι (gener- ally contracted into σεση) with which so many of the Egyptian papyrus-letters and ostraca close’”’ (Milligan, p. 130), or the postscript in one’s own handwriting (ξύμβολον) which guaranteed an ancient letter (Deissmann : Licht vom Osten, 105). pera (cf. ver. 16), the divine presence is realised through the experience of Christ's grace.
INTRODUCTION ΤΟ THE. PASTORAL EPIST LES.
INTRODUCTION) TO THE PASTORAL EPISTLES.