τέρως seven times), seven occur in 1 Cor. and five in Phil. Neither πεποιθέναι ΠΟΓ πεποίθησις Occurs in 1 Cor. ; πεποίθησις not in Rom. or Gal. Here again seven cases belong to 2 Cor. and seven to Phil. Of the πρᾶγμα group (25), thirteen belong to Rom., which has ten out of the eighteen occurrences of πράσσειν. Neither of the συνεργεῖν group (15) occurs in Gal.; yet its distribution is otherwise fairly even. The distribution of σῶμα (91) is remarkable. Just more than half, forty-six, of its occurrences are found in 1 Cor.; chap. vi. having eight, chap. xii, eighteen, chap. xv., nine. Neither ὑπακοή nor ὑπακούειν occur in 1 Cor. or Gal, ; ὑπακούειν not in 2 Cor.
An analysis of the list of Pauline particles that are not found in the Pastoral Epistles yields the same general result; that is to say, the great majority of them are confined to group ii. of the Epistles ; and that is explained by the fact that that group is the most argu- mentative and controversial, and the subject matter demands the employment of inferential and similar particles. Thus dpa (15), ἕνεκεν (6), ἴδε (1) ἰδού (9, of which 6 are in 2 Cor.), ποῦ (10, 8 of which are in 1 Cor.), παρά, acc. (14), are not found outside group ii.; ἔπειτα (11, 7 of which are in 1 Cor.), μήπως (10), οὔτε (34, of which 22 are in 4 verses), are only in group ii. and in 1 Thess. The following also do not occur in groups i and iti: ἄχρι (11. 12, iv. 2), οὔπω (11. 2, iv. 1) πάλιν (ii. 25, iv. 3). The following do not occur in group iii. διότι (10: ο it, ο ο 1)" εβπροσϑεν (7: 1. 1. 1 σι 1) ἔτι (στ 0.1.1 18, iv. 1). The distribution of the others is as follows: ἀντί (5: i, 2, ii. ο. παρα οὖν ασ ο ο iti, δις 7 1.2. AS) ait.’ 6, iv. 1), ὅπως (9: i. 1, 11. 7, iti. 1), οὐκέτι (15: ii. 13, iii. 2), ἐν παντί (16: i. 1, Ἡ, 11, of which 10 are in 2 Cor.; iii. 2, iv. 2), ποτέ (does occur in Tit., otherwise 19: i. 1, ii. 8, 1. 9, iv. 1), ὥσπερ (14: i. 1 ii. 13), σύν (38: i. 4, ii. 21, 111. 9, iv. 4). There are twenty-four char- acteristically Pauline particles in the above enumeration. Of these. ten are not found in group i., fifteen are not found in group iii., and in fact, in the epistles of the first Roman captivity (groups iii. and iv.), which are about half as long again as the Pastoral Epistles, particles are very sparingly used ; διό, ἐν παντί and σύν alone being at allcommon. It may be proper to note here in connexion with the absence of σύν from the Pastorals, that twice, in 2 Tim. iv. 11 and Tit iii, 15, μετά is used where the other Pauline letters have σύν; other wise the usage of μετά in the Pastorals does not differ from that of St. Paul elsewhere. Another noteworthy feature in the Pastorals is the absence of the article, especially before common Christian terms. This peculiarity, and also the deficiency in particles, may be possibly due to the amanuensis employed by St. Paul at this
τσ INTRODUCTION
time. See Dean Bernard, Past. Epp. p. xli., and Milligan, Thessa- lonians, p. 126.