170
11.
© Matt. viii. καιροὶ “χαλεποί: 2. ἔσονται γὰρ οἱ ἄνθρωποι “ φίλαυτοι, ᾿Φιλάρ-
1 ἀλαζόνες, 5 ὑπερήφανοι, ἢ βλάσφημοι,
γονεῦσιν ᾿Αἀπειθεῖς,
2, 2 Macc. ie 5 (3), 4 μένοι, “ φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ “ φιλόθεοι, 5. ἔχοντες "μόρφωσιν Mace. (3).
d Here only, ‘ 1 not LXX. e Luke xvi. 14, 4 Macc. ii. 8 only. f Rom. i. 30 only, N.T. g Luke i. 51, Rom. i. 30, Jas. iv. 6 = 1 Pet. ν. 5 (Prov. iii. 4). hi Tim. i. 13. i Rom. i. 30, cf. Tit. 1. 16, πα. k Luke vi. 35, Wisd. (1), Ecclus. (2), 4 Mace. (1). 1 See x Tim. i. 9. τῇ Rom. 1.
31, not LXX. q Here only, not LXX. t Acts xix. 36, Prov. x. 14, xiii. 3, Ecclus. ix. 18. w Here only, not LXX,
n Here only, not LXX.
rhetorical way of saying that things are going from bad to worse. The same ac- count is to be given of 2 Pet. iii. 3; Jude 18. St. John says plainly, ‘“ It is the last hour”? (x John ii. 18). See note on 1 Dime jv. ΕΣ:
ἐνστήσονται: will be upon us, insta- bunt (Vulg.).
χαλεποί: grievous (R.V.); but not necessarily perilous (A.V.) to those who feel their grievousness.
Ver. 2. ot ἄνθρωποι: mankind in gene- τα], not ot ἄνδρες. This list of human vices should be compared with that given in Rom. i. 29 sqq.; ἀλαζόνες, ὑπερήφανοι, γονεῦσιν ἀπειθεῖς, ἄστοργοι are common to both passages. φίλαυτοι appropri- ately heads the array, egoism or self- centredness being the root of almost every sin, just as love which ‘ seeketh not its own” (r Cor. xiii. 5) is “πε fulfilment of the law” (Rom. xiii. 10). φιλαυτία is used favourably by Aris- totle in the sense of self-respect (Nic. Eth. ix. 8. 7). But ‘‘once the sense of sin is truly felt, self-respect becomes an inadequate basis for moral theory. So Philo (de Prof. 15) speaks of those who are φίλαυτοι δὴ μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι ᾽" (Dean Bernard, zn loc).
φιλάργυροι: covetousness (πλεονεξία, Rom. i. 29) naturally springs from, or is one form of, selfishness; but we cannot suppose with Chrys. that there is a simi- lar sequence intended all through.
Other compounds of φιλ.- in the Pas- torals, besides the five that occur here, are φιλάγαθος, Tit. i. 8, φίλανδρος, φιλότεκνος, Tit. ii. 4, φιλανθρωπία, Tit. ili. 4, φιλόξενος, τ Tim. iii. 2, Tit. i. 8.
ἀλαζόνες, ὑπερήφανοι: elati, superbi. The ἀλαζών, boastful, betrays his char- acter by his words; the ὑπερήφανος, haughty, more usually by his demeanour and expression.
βλάσφημοι: abusive, railers (R.V.); not necessarily blasphemers (A.V.).
ο See 1 Tim. iii. 11. τ Here only, not LXX, cf. Tit. i. 8.
p Prov. xxvii. 20 only. s Luke vi. 16, Acts vii. 52.
ἃ See 1 Tim. iii. 6. v Here only, not LXX.
x Rom. ii. 20 only, not LXX.
γονεῦσιν ἀπειθεῖς and ἀχάριστοι natur- ally go together; since, as Bengel ob- serves, gratitude springs from filial duty.
Ver. 3. ἄστοργοι: without natural affection, sine affectione. This and the three preceding adjectives appear to have teference to domestic relations.
ἄσπονδοι: implacable, sine pace (ab- sque foedere, Rom. i. 31); not truce- breakers (A.V.), which would be ἀσύν- θετοι, Rom. i. 31; the ἄσπονδος refuses. to treat with his foe at all.
διάβολοι: A.V.m. hereand in Tit. ii. 3, has makebates. See note oni Tim. iii. ΤῈ:
ἀκρατεῖς : without self-control (R.V.) rather than incontinent (A.V.). The latter word has a purely sexual refer- ence, Wigereas ἀκρατεῖς, as Chrys. notes, is used “with respect both to their tongue, and their appetite, and everything else”. It is naturally coupled with ἀνήμεροι, fierce, immites. ‘Simul et. molles et duri’’ (Bengel).
ἀφιλάγαθοι: No lovers of good (R.V.), the good being “things true, honourable, just, pure, lovely, and of good report”’ (Phil. iv. 8). The positive φιλάγαθος, Tit. i. 8, has the same refer- ence. It is a characteristic of the hea- venly Wisdom (Wisd. vii. 22). The A.V. in both places narrows the reference to persons: Despisers of those that are good; A lover of good men. -The Vulg. sine benignitate, benignum, does not express the active positive force of the Greek. φιλάγαθος and ἀφιλάργυρος are applied to the Emperor Antoninus in a papyrus of ii. A.D. which also uses the term ἀφιλοκαγαθία (perh. = ἀφιλοκαλο- καγαθία) of Marcus Aurelius (Moulton. and Milligan, Exosttor, vii., vi. 376).