they hope for eternal life, to deny whom is the climax of impiety, in whom the Father is glorified for ever (Jude wv. 1, 4,21, 25). They are sharers of a common salvation (Jude ver. 3), they need forgiveness of sin like other men (James iii. 2).
(2) Mental characteristics as exhibited in the two Epistles.
In my edition of James (p. ccxxix.) | have summed up the more general qualities of his style in the words “energy, vivacity, and as conducive to both, vividness of representation, meaning by the last that dislike of mere abstractions, that delight in throwing everything into picturesque and dramatic forms, which is so marked a feature in our Epistle”. To a certain extent this is true also of Jude, as shown in his imaginative power and his frequent use of figurative speech. Cf. Jude ver. 8, where the innovators are spoken of as dreamers polluting the flesh; ver. 12, where they are compared (1) to sunken rocks on which those who meet them at the love-feasts run aground and perish, (2) to waterless clouds driven by the wind, (3) to trees which have to be rooted up, because they bear no fruit in the fruit-bearing season, (4) to wild waves foaming out their own shame on the shore, (5) to falling stars which are extinguished in everlasting gloom. In ver. 20 the faithful are bidden to build them- selves up on their most holy faith; in ver. 23, to save sinners, snatch- ing them from the fire ; to hate the garment spotted by the flesh. In regard to St. James I further illustrated the quality of vividness by “the frequent reference to examples suchas Abraham, Rahab, Job, Elijah”’. In the same way St. Jude gives animation to his warnings by refer- ence to the Israelites who perished in the wilderness for their unbelief after being saved irom Egypt; to the fallen angels who are reserved for the judgment in everlasting chains ; to Sodom and the neighbour- ing cities, which sinned in the same way as the angels, and now suffer the penalty of eternal fire (vv. 5-7). Reverence for the powers of the unseen world is commended by the pattern of the archangel Michael, who, even in his dispute with the devil for the body of Moses, refused to bring a railing accusation, but committed the case to God (vv. 8, 9). Cain and Balaam and Korah are cited as the predecessors of the present disturbers of the Church (ver. 11). Enoch the seventh from Adam has left us his warning against such men (vv. 14, 15). ‘You have yourselves heard the same warning from the Apostles” (ver. 17).
(3) For moral strictness and stern severity in rebuking sin, the whole of this short Epistle may be compared with such passages as. James ii. 19, iii. 15, iv. l-v. 6. For noble and weighty expression we may compare vy. 20, 21, ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί, ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς τῇ