1Ο. Kat 6 τρίτος ἄγγελος
*kat ἔπεσεν éxz Cf. Sib.
ἐσάλπισεν, ο) ᾿ Γ.ν. 158:
τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀστὴρ µέγας καιόµενος ds λαμπάς, καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸ« μας cf. Ss. 90ἱ,
, Αα lal ~ τρίτον τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς " πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων. ” A ο ὄνομα τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ "Αψινθος᾽ καὶ "ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῶν ς ~ a ὑδάτων Seis ἄψινθον, καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν
ὑδάτων, ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν.
> ΄ - lol ἐσάλπισεν, καὶ "ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῆς , ΔΝ a a lol σελήνης καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀστέρων, ἵνα σκοτισθῇ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν, ‘ lal καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα μὴ *pdvy τὸ τρίτον αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ νὺξ ὁμοίως.
13. Καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἤκουσα ἑνὸς ἀετοῦ !
12. “Kal 6 τέταρτος ἄγγελος
πετοµένου ἐν ® μεσουρανήµατι
Il. καὶ τὸ xvii. 21, Test. Levi. 4.
b Jer. ix. 15, xxiii. 15.
ς Luke xiii. 19, cf. Win. § 29,
2 ἅπ. λεγ.
a a πιο» 2 N ΑΗ λ A ‘ N.T. λέγοντος φωνῇ µεγάλη, ‘Oda, odat, οὐαὶ ‘tods κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ Cf xviii.
τῆς γῆς, "ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος τῶν τριῶν ἀγγέλων
τῶν μελλόντων σαλπίζειν ”.
h Imitated in 4 Esd. xv. 14-15.
23, Win. § 13, 12. g xiv. 6, xix. 17: an. λεγ. Nol.
1 Xil. 12. k Cf. ver. 11; = ἀπό Matt. xviii. 7.
1 The curious and inferior variant αγγελου (P, 1, etc., Arm., Vict., And., Vitringa;
unus ut aquilam, Pr.) probably arose from a copyist’s recollection of xiv. 6.
Kon-
necke (Emendationen zu Stellen N.T., 34-35) prefers the complete (so 13) reading
αγγελου ws αετου.
Patmos—was in a state of more or less severe eruption during the first century. All this suggested the hideous colours in which the final catastrophe was painted by the imagination of pious con- temporaries. In the eruption of 1573, the sea round Thera was tinted for twenty miles round, and even when the submarine volcano is quiescent, ‘‘ the sea in the immediate vicinity of the cone is of a brilliant orange colour, from the action of oxide of iron”. In 1707 a large rock suddenly appeared in the sea, dur- ing the eruption, and owing to noxious vapours ‘‘all fish in the harbour died”’. Vv. 10, 11. The third part of all drinking waters is poisoned by a huge, noxious, torch-like meteor shooting down from the sky (Vergil’s “‘de coelo lapsa per umbras stella facem ducens multa cum luce concurrit,” Aen. ii. 693, 694). Wormwood, a bitter drug typical of divine punishment, was apparently sup- posed to be a mortal poison; thus Pliny (H. N. ii. 232) ascribes the bitterness of Lake Sannaus (Anava) in the Lycos valley to the cirvca nascente apsinthio. But this feature of the vision is taken from Iranian or Mandaean eschatology (Brandt, 584 f.), where among the signs of the end are famine, wars, a star falling from heaven and making the sea red [ο]. Apoc. xvi. 3], and a cyclone with a dust- storm. Cf. 4 Esd. v. 9, et in dulcibus aquis salae inueniuntur. Rivers and fountains were associated in the ethnic VOL. V. 2
<=
mind (cf. Neh. ii. 13) with supernatural spirits and curative properties; hence upon them this stern prophet of mono- theism sees the doom of God falling. ἐγένετο . . - eis, a Hebraistic constr., common in Apocalypse and in quota- tions from O.T., but ‘‘ decidedly rare else- where’”’ in N.T. (Simcox). Springs (like those, ¢.g., near Smyrna) and fountains naturally appeared to the ancient mind somewhat mysterious and separate; their lack of visible connexion with rivers or lakes suggested the idea that they sprang from the subterranean abyss or that they were connected with dae- mons, Hence their réle in the final con- vulsions of nature (4 Esd. vi. 24 uenae fontium stabunt, Ass. Mos. x. 8 et fontes aquarum deficient). Cf. Rohrbach’s Im Lande Fahwehs und Fesu (1901), 30 f.; for their connexion with dragons, R. S., 157, 161 f., and for their bubbling as a mark of sacred energy, ibid. 154 f.