In Amos and Hosea there are allnBions to pa88agee in this book which prove that it was known in their day. Of these the following may be not~d :- Amos iv. 6-10 anJ v. 11 compared with oh. :uviii. 15, eto. In D~ute- ronomy certain judgment.s are announced as to come on Israel if apostate and impenitent; in Amos certain judgments are declared as having come on Israel beeause of their apostacy and impenit.ency; and the two are eo closely identical that the prophet must be regarded as describing the fulfilment of a threatening predicted by the lawgiver. Famine, drought, blasting, and mildew, the ravages of the locust, pestilence, the diseases of Egypt, and the calamities of war are described by the prophet as what had come on Israel ; and these a.re what a.re threat.ened in Deuteronomy in the same or equivalent words. Compare especially Amos iv. 6 with eh. x:x:viii. 17, 38-40; Amos iv. 7 with eh. xx:viii. 23, 24; Amos iv. 9 with eh. xxviii. 22, 38, 42 ; Amos iv. 10 with eh. xxviii. 21, 27, 26; Amoe v. 11 with eh. uviii. 30, 39. In Amos vi. 12 the prophet charges the people with having "turnedjudg- ment into gall (rosh), and the fruit ofrighteoueness into hemlock (la'anah)." Compare eh. x.x.ix. 18 [l 7], where the people are warned against apostacy, " Lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood (rosh we la'anah)." Amos viii. 14, "They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy God, 0 Dan, liveth '' ( cf. 2 Kings xii. 28, 29). Ch. ix. 21, "And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made," etc.; eh. vi. 13, "Thou shalt fear Jehovah thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his Name." Amos ix. 14, 15, "And I will turn (weshabhti) the captivity of my people of Israel, and they shall build the waste cities, and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, and drink the wine thereof; they shall also make gardens, and eat the fruit of them. And I will plant them upon their land, and they shall no more be pulled up out of their land which I have given them, saith Jehovah thy God." Ch. xxx. 3, "Then Jehovah thy God shall turn (weshabh) thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither Jehovah thy God hath scattered thee;" ver. 5, "And Jehovah thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed; " ver. 9, "And Jehovah thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, for good," etc. "This passage forms the basis of all the passages in the Old Testament in which the very peculiar formula n~~~ ~~ occurs " (Hengstenberg). Turning now to Hosea, the following correspondences with Deuteronomy may be noted :- Hos. iv. 14, "They sacrifice with the keduhoth" (women consecrated to prostitution in the service of a heathen deity). Ch. x:xiii. 17, 18, "There shall be no kede,hah [consecrated harlotl of the daughters of Israel, , , • THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY. Ix
thou ehnlt not bring the hire of e. kedeal1ah . . . into the house of the Lord." Only in these passages and in Gen. xxxviii. 21, 22, is this word found. Hos. v. 10, "'fhe princes of Judah were like them that remove the bounds (mass£gei gebul)." Oh. xix. 14, "Thou shalt not remove thy neigh- bour's landmark (lo tass!g gebul);" eh. xxvii. 17, "Cursed be he that remdveth his neighbour's landmark (maas£g gebul)." Hos. v. 14, "I will take away, and none shall rescue (eyn matztl)." Oh. xxxii. 39, "And there is nono that rescueth out of my hand (eyn m'yr!di malz£l)." (Of. also Hos. ii. 10 [Heb. 12].) Hos. vi. 1, " Come, and let us return unto the Lord; for he bath torn, [cf. Hos. v. 14] and he will heal us; he bath smitten, and he will bind us up." Oh. xxxii. 39, "I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal." Hos. viii. 13, "They shall return (yashubhu) to Egypt." Oh. xxviii. 68, "The Lord shall bring thee (heaMbhka) into Egypt again." Hos. xii. 13, "By a prophet the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt, and by a prophet was he preserved." Oh. xviii. 18, "A Prophet . . . like unto thee." Only here is Moses described as a prophet. Hos. xiii. 6, "According to their pasture, so were they filled; they were filled, and their heart was lifted up; therefore have they forgotten me." Oh. viii. 14, "Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the Lord thy Goel," etc. Hos. xiii. 9, " This ( shihethka) bath corrupted [destroyed] thee, 0 Israel, that thou art against me [who am] in thy help." Oh. xxxii. 5, "A perverse nation hath become corrupt towards him (shiheth lo) ; " eh. x.xxiii. 26, "Who rideth upon the heaven in thy help." The coincidences thus noted are not, it must be confessed, all of equal weight and evidential value; but, on the other hand, none of them can be certainly declared to be accidental, and some are of such a character as almost to force the conclusion that the prophets Hosea and Amos had in their hands the Book of Deuteronomy, and freely cited fro:n it. Assum- ing this, something more is proved than that this book was extant in the days of these prophets. As these were prophets, not of Judah, but of Israel, their references to Deuteronomy may indicate the reception of that book in Israel as a sacred book; and as it is not probable that any book would be so received in the kingdom of Samaria which had not been carried by the ten tribes with them when they broke off from Judah, it would follow that this book was known and reverenced at the time of the separation. But if it was thus accredited in the beginning of the reign of Rehoboam, the probability is that it was so in the reigns of his predecessors, Solomon and David; for it is incredible that it could have attained to universal 9.cceptance at the moment of his accession to the throne, if it had not been by long usage already established. It may indeed be said that the better part of Israel was never wholly alienated from Judah religiously, but continued to regard the temple at Jerusalem as the national sanctuary. But that this would have led to the acceptan'Ce by the nation generally of a. X INTRODUCTION TO