inheritance, and that the name of the dead bo not cut off from among hie brethren, and from tho gate of his place.' According to eh. xxv. 9, the transaction between the brother-in-law and tho sister-in-law must tako place in the presence of the elders; in Ruth iv. 2 it is said, 'Ho took ten men of the elders of the city.' In eh. xxv. 9 it is said, 'So shall it bo done unto that man ,oho buildcth not up his b,·other's ho1U1e;' with which comparo Ruth iv.11, • The Lord make the woman that is como into thine house like Rachol and like Le.ah, which two did build the house of Israel;' i.e. since thou, according to the proscription, hast builded up tho house of thy brothor, may the Lord make, etc. That Deuteronomy is older than the Book of Ruth is seen from this, that the author of the latter describes the symbolical act of pulling off the shoe as a usage that had descended to his time from former times, whilst in Deuteronomy it appears as then in common use, and of itself clear" (Hengstenberg, ii. 104). It may be added that it is by reference to the usage prescribed in Deuteronomy that the words of Naomi to her widowed daughters-in-law (Ruth i. 11) aro to be understood. It docs not seem necessary to carry this investigation further; tho instances adduced are sufficient to show that when the Books of Samuel Judges, and Ruth were written, the Book of Deuteronomy was extant and commonly known; for the alternative hypothesis, that the author of Deute- ronomy, vn·iting at a time subsequent to the appearance of these books, carefully picked out of them a number of small particulars and adapted the statements of his own book to these, so as to give the appearance of an undesigned coincidence between his book and the others, is too violent to be entertained. It thus appears that all through the history of Israel, from the times immediately succeeding those of Moses and Joshua, this Book of Deuteronomy was known and in common use in Israel. (2) The antiquity of this book is vouched for by the archaisms with which it abounds. "The use of r:m, in both genders, which occurs one hundred and ninety-five times in the Pentateuch, is found thirty-six time1:1 in Deuteronomy; while of the eleven places in which N'i'.I is written not one is in this book. In Deuteronomy, as in the other books, a maiden is called ,p~ ; only in one passage ( c.:h. xxii. 19) is n:w~ used. The demonstrative pro- noun ~~~. which is not found out of the Pentateuch except in 1 Ohron. xx. 8 ( cf. Ezra v. 15; Aramaic), is not only to be read in Gen. xix. 8, 25; xxvi. 3, 4; Lev. xviii. 27; but runs through Deuteronomy ( cf. eh. iv. 42; vii. 22; xix. 11 ). So also the He locale, so rare in the later usage of the language, the old rare writing .i~}"t:ll;\ (Jahn in Bengel's 'Archiv.,' ii. 582) and the future ending Jr are common. The last of these, according to the investigation of Konig (Heft. ii. of bis 'Alt-test. Studien '), is more frequent in the Pentateuch than iu any other Old Testament book, and is found in Deuteronomy fifty-eight times, as also twice in the Pret. viii. 3, 16 )~lJ';I;, of which the Old Testament bas only one other inst.ance-Isa. xxvi. 16. Among these archaisms common to Deuteronomy with ilie other Pentateuchal books may be reckoned also the shortening of the Hiph. , ~ ( eh. xxvi. 12), and often the use of NJ~ equi- THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY. xv
valont to M)~, to meet; the construction of the passive with then~ of the object ( e.g. eh. xx. 8); the changes of the common l.!l~f into~~?., lamb (eh.xiv. 4); the uso of ,1:it equivalent to i 1t, a word Jost to the post-Pentateuchal language (Dictriob, • Abhandlungen,' s. 89), eh. xvi. 16; xx. 13; and many old words, such as ~1~t;t and 01i'), and among these such as are found only in Joshua, as ni"l~~. or in Ezekiel, whose language is framed on that of the Pentateuch, like r~. Also in hapaxlegomena, which in an old language abound, Deuteronomy is not poor. Examples of these are cil;?')r, ( for the later ',~~); the old Canaanitish lt'('JCI ni"ll;lcil!, increase of the flock; j~i~'. ( as a name of Israel, borrowed by Isaiah, :xliv. 2); 111'.;,J?i'.1, to be silent; P'.~¥v, to lay upon the neck; i!?,l!l'.li'.1 to take possession of, to lay hands on. To the antique and genuinely Mo~aic peculiarities of the Deuteronomist belongs also his love of pictures': a root of hemlock and wormwood sprouts (eh. :xxix. 18), head and tail (eh. xxviii. 13, 44), the saturated with the thirsty (eh. xxix. 19); and com- parisons : as a man bearcth his son (eh. i. 31 ), as bees do (eh. i. 44 ), as a. man chasteneth his son ( eh. viii. 5), as the eagle fluttereth ( eh. :xxviii. 49), as the blind gropeth (eh. x.x:viii. 29). Of such comparisons I know only three in the other books: 'As the ox licks up the grass of the field' (Numb. xxii. 4, in tho Balaam section); 'As a flock thathath no shepherd' (Numb. xxvii.17); • As the guardian bears the suckling' (Numb. :xi. 12); both in the mouth of Moses" (Delitzsch, 'Die Genesis,' Einleit, s. 27 f.). To these may be added ce1-tain words and phrases found in the earlier books, but which would seem to have become obsolete or to have been regarded as archaic in tho times subsequent to that of Samuel :-As for instance, 01~ , gates, for habitations generally; nineteen times in Deuteronomy; elsewhere once, in Exod. :xx. 10, in a document acknowledgedly Mosaic; and occasionally but rarely in poetical pieces (Ps. lxxxvii. 2 [but see Hengstenberg in loc.]; Isa. iii. 26; Ix. 18 (?); Jer. :xiv. 2). 01:,~~. officers; seven times in Deute- ronomy; alsewhere Exod. v. 6, 10, 14, 15, 19; Numb. :xi. 16; Josh. i. 10; iii. 2; viii. 33; :xxiii. 2; :xxiv. 1; Chron. six times. Cl~ 1J, empty, in the sense of without an offering; eh. xvi. 16; Ex.od. xxiii. 15; :xxx.iv. 20; 1 Sam. vi. 3; not elsewhere. il~~ il~ll, to humble a woman; eh. xxi. 1-!; :xxii. 24, 29; Gen. xxxiv. 2; Judg. xx. 5; 2 Sam. :xiii. 12, 14; Lam. v. 11; Ezek. xxii. 10, 11. ~1:-it:l~) rP! ,~o, to turn to the right hand or to the left, of departures from God's Law; eh. v. 32; xvii. 28; xxviii. 14; Josh. i. 7; xxiii. 6. Cl'Q! 1 1:i~v• to prolong days, to live long; eleven times in Deute- ronomy; elsewhere only Exod. xx. 12; Josh. :xx.iv. 31; Judg. ii. 7; 1 Kings . iii. 14; Eccles. viii. lo; Isa. liii. 10. m~cn, : likeness, similitude; eh. iv. 12, 15, 16, 23, 25; v. 8; Exod. x.x. 4; Numb. xii. 8; Job iv. 16 (image, form, shape); Ps. xvii. 15. li'.1:1; this term is in Deuteronomy, as in the other Penta- tcuehal books, used only of persons exercising sacerdotal functions ; in later times it camo to be used also of civil office1·s and counsellors of the sovereign (cf. 2 Sam. viii. 18; xx. 26; 1 Kings iv. 2, 5; 1 Chl'On. uvii. 5). il~~. fire INTRODUCTION TO