and pea~e (eh. ix. 7; xxxii. 1, 17; xiii. 1-4; xlix. 8-10), in a ple.oe where the voice of weeping will be heard no more (eh. xxxv. 10; li. 11; lxv. 19), and where there will be no more hurt nor destruction (eh. xi. 9; lxv. -25). Among the favourite images which pervade the book, and belong alike· to the disputed and the undisputed chapters, may be noticed- (1) The image of" light" and "darkness," used in a spiritual sense for moral ignorance and moral enlightenment. We are rendered so familiar "ith the imagery by the constant employment of it in the New Testament; that we are apt to regard it as biblical generally, and not ne characterizing particular authors. The metaphorical use of "light" and " darkness " is, however, rare in the Old Testament, and characterizies three books oilly- Job, the Psalms, and Isaiah. Isaiah is the only prophet in whose writings the imagery is at all frequent. He uses the word " light " in a meta- phorical sense at least eighteen times, and "darkness" at least sixteen ~ontra.sting the two together in nine. Of the contrasts, four •occur -~ nndisputed chapters ( eh. v. 20, 30; ix. 2; xiii. 10), five in· disputed ones ( cb. xlii. 16; 1. 10; lviii. 10; lix. 9; Ix. 1-3). Of the other uses, seven are in undisputed ( eh. ii. 5; viii. 20, 22; ix. 19 ; x. 17; xxix. 18; ·x:x:x; 26), and nine in disputed chapters (eh. xlii. 6, 7; xlv. 8;ixlvii. ·5; xfo:; 6, 9; Ii. 4; Ix. 19, 20). (2) The images of "blindness" and "deafness," for a similar condition; especially when self-induced. This is a use almost peculiar to Isaiah among Old Testament writers, and occurs at least twelve times-four times in undisputed chapters ( eh. vi. 10 ; x:xix. 10, 18; xriii. 3), and eight in disputed ones (eh. mv. 5; xlii. 7, 16, 18, 19; xliii. 8; xliv.18; lvi. 9). (3) The image of hnmanity as "a. flower tha.t fadeth," or" a leaf that fadeth," occurs in eh. i. 30; xviii. 15 (undisputed), and in eh; xl. 7 ·and ]xiv. 6 (disputed). (4) The image of a" rod,"" stem," or" sprout," applied to the Messiah; occurs in eh. :x:i. 1, 10 and in eh. liii. 2. The latter is a disputed; the former an undisputed chapter. (5) The imagery ex:preseive of the final peace and prosperity of Meeeiah'e kingdom is closely similar, almost identical, in the '' true Isaiah " and the "other writers; " e.g. eh. ii. 4, "He shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people : and they shall beat their swords into plough- shares, and their spears into pruning-hooks : nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." Oh. •xi. 5-9, ·' Righteousness shall be the girdle of hie loins, and faithfnlnees the girdle of his reins. The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid. . . . And the cow and the bear shall feed ; their young ones shall lie down together : and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. . .. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain: for the earth eha.11 be full of the know ledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea." Oh. lxv. 24, 25, "It shall come to pass, that before they call, I will answer; and while they a.re yet speaking, I will hear. The wolf and the THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET ISAIAH. XXV
le.mb shall feed together, e.nd the lion she.11 eat straw like the bullock: and dust shall be the serpent's meat. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, saith the Lord." (6) The image of "water,'' for spiritual life and refreshment, OCClll'II in both the disputed and the undisputed chapters, most frequently in the former, but still unmistakably in the latter also ( comp. eh. xxx. 25 and xxxiii. 21 with eh. xxxv. 6; xli.17, 18; xliii.19, 20;. lv. l; lviii.11; lxvi.12). (7) The comparison of God with a potter, and of a man with the vessel which he fashions, is found both in eh. xxix. 16, an undisputed chapter, and also in two of the disputed chapters (eh. xlv; 9 and lxiv. 8). (8) Jernsalem is represented as a tent, with stakes, cords, etc., both in eh. x:uii. 20, an undisputed chapter, and in eh. liv. 2, a disputed one. (9) Israel's purification from sin is described a-s the purging of dross from a meta.I; both in eh. i. 25 (undisputed) and in eh. xlviii.10 (disputed). (10) •Other examples of metaphors common to the disputed and undis- puted chapters are the metaphor of" tow," for something weak and easily consumed (eh. i. 31; xliii.17); of "stubble," for the same (eh. v. 24; xL 24; xii. 2; xlvii. 14) ; of "the wilderness blossoming," for a. time of spiritual well-being ( eh. xxxii. 15; xxxv. 1, 2; Ii. 3; Iv. 12, 13) ; of "drnnkenness," for' spiritual infatuation (eh. xxix. 9; li. 21, "drunken, but not with wine''); of the "healing of men's wounds," for God's forgiveness of sin ( eh. i. 6; xx:x. 26; liii. 5 ; lvii. 18) ; of "an overflowing stream;" for an invading host (eh. viii. 7, 8; xvii. 12, 13; lix. 19); of a. "whirlwind," for the rush of chariot-wheels (eh. v. 28; lxvi. 15); of the "dove's note," for lamentation (eh. xxxviii. 14; lix.11); of "the worm," for decay or dissolution (eh. xiv. 11; Ii. 8); of a nation" eating its own flesh," for internal discord and disunion (eh. ix. 20; xlix. 18); of "shadow," for God's protection (eh. :xxv. 4; xxx:ii. 2; xlix. 2; li. 16); of" a feast of fat things," for spiritual blessings (eh. :xxv. 6; Iv. 2); of" earth bursting out into singing," for mankind rejoicing (eh. x:xxv. 2; Iv. 12); and of "harlotry," for spiritual unfaithfulness (eh. i. 21; lvii. 3, etc.). Among the other rhetorical ornaments which characterize Isaiah's style in the undisputed chapters, there is not one which does not also charac- terize the disputed ones. Dramatic representation, pointed antithesis, play upon words, strong expressions, vivid descriptions, amplifications, variety, are as noticeable in the one set as in the other, as may be seen by reference to the passages already quoted in pp. xiii.-xvi. Even the very peculiar ornament called l1rava'Popa., or the repetition of a word or words at the end of a sentence previously used at the beginning, is to be found alike in both, and can scarcely be said to be more frequent in the one set than in the other (see eh. i. 7; iv. 3; vi. 11; viii. 9; xiii. 10; xiv. 25; xv. 8; n:x. 20; and eh. xxxiv. 7; xl. 19; xlii. 15, 19; xlviii. 21; Ii. 13; liii. 6, 7; liv. 4, 13; lviii. 2; lix. 8). 4. The similarity of the disputed with the undisputed chapters in little charncteriatio expressions has frequently been pointed out, but cannot be Xl['ft INTRODUCTION TO