8-11; iv. 7, 8; Titus ii. 11-13; iii. 4-7, breaks out into rapturons exhibi- tions of the grace of the gospel, and refers to his own office as a preacher of it; and the similar sentiments in such passages a.s Rom. i. 5, 14--17; xv. 15, 16; 1 Cor. i. 17; xv. 1-11; 2 Cor. iv. 4-7; Gal. i. 1-5 ( and throughout the Epistle); Eph. iii. 7-12; Col. i. 23, an,l in many others. Compare, again, the allusions to his own conversion, in 1 Cor. xv. 9 and Eph. iii. 8, with that in 1 Tim. i. 12, 13; the allusion to his special office as the apostle of the Gentiles, in Rom. xi. 13, with that in 1 Tim. ii. 7; and the references to his own sufferings for the gospel, e.g. in 2 Cor. i. 4--10; iv. 7-12; vi. 4-10; xi. 23-28; 1 Thess. ii. 2, with those in 2 Tim. i. 8, 12; ii. 9, 10; iii 10, 11. Comp. 1 Cor. xiv. 34, 35 with 1 Tim. ii. 11, 12. Then the doctrine.I teaching is exactly the same; precepts of holy living, in all its details of character, temper, and conduct, flow from dogmatic statements just as they do in the other Epistles (see 1 Tim. iii. 15, 16; vi. 12-16; 2 Tim. i. 8-12; ii. 19; Titus ii. 11-14; iii. 4-8; and Eph. iv. 20-32; v. 1-4; Col. iii. 1-5, 8-17, etc.). The interposition of the doxology in 1 Tim. i. 17 is exaotly in the manner of Rom. i 25; ix. 5; xi. 16; xvi. 27 ; Eph. iii. 20, 21, eto. Compare, a.gain, the two sentences of excon municatior, -the one mentioned in 1 Cor. v. 3-5, the other in 1 Tim. i. 20. Compare the two notices o_f the temptation of Eve by the serpent, in 2 Cnr. xi. 3 and 1 Tim. ii. 13, 14; and the reference to Deut. xxv. 4 in 1 Car. ix. 9 and 1 Tim. v. 18. Compare the directions to Christian slaves, in 1 Tim. vi. 1, 2, with those in Eph. vi. 5-8 and Col. iii. 22-25; the metaphor from the games, in 1 Tim. vi. 12; 2 Tim. ii. 5; iv. 7, 8, with that in 1 Cor. ix. 24--27; that of the different vessels of gold, silver, and wood and earth, in 2 Tim. ii. 20, with that of the gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble, of 1 Cor. iii. 12; and compare also Rom. ix. 22, 23 and 2 Cor. iv. 7. Compare the prophetic announcement of the apostasy, in 2 Thess. ii. 3, with that in 1 Tim. iv. I. We see exactly the same tone of thought in Acts x.xiii. 1 as in 2 Tim. i. 3; in Rom. xiv. 14, 20, and 1 Cor. xii., and Col. ii. 16-23, as in 1 Tim. iv. 3--6 and Titus i. 14, 15; in Phil. iv. 11 as in 1 Tim. vi. 8; ,md in Rom. xiv. 6 as in 1 Tim. iv. 3. Many precepts a.re common to the pastoral and the other Epistles, as e.g. 1 'l'im. iii. 2; Titus i. 8, and Rom. xii. 13; 1 Tim. v. 10 and Rom. xii. 13; 1 Tim. vi. 5 (A.V.) and 2 Thes.i. iii. 14; 2 Tim. ii. 24, 25, and 2 Cor. ii. 6, 7, and 2 These. iii. 15; to which it would be easy to add more examples. The directions for public worship in 1 Cor. xiv. 34 and 1 Tim. ii. 8-13 a.re also very similar. The repeated reference to the second coming of our Lord is another feature common to the pastoral and the other Epistles of St. Paul (see 1 Tim. vi. 14; 2 Tim. iv. 1, 8; Titus ii. 13, compared with 1 Cor. i. 7; xv. 23; 1 Thess. ii. 19; iii. 13; v. 23; 2 Thess. ii. 1, 8; Phil. iii. 20, eto.). There is a marked resemblance in thought between Titus iii. 3-7 and Eph. ii. 2-8; between Titus iii. 5 and Eph. v. 26. Note, again, St. Paul's mauner of communieating information, to those to whom he wrote, concerning his affairs and surround- ings, as seen in 1 Cor. xvi. 6-8, in Col. iv. 7-13, and in 2 Tim. iv. 9-17; (y INTRODUCTION TO
and the aff'ectionat.e remembrance of past days, shown alike in 1 Thess. i. 2-8 and 2 Tim. i. 3-5, 16-18. Then there is the same estimate of individuals shown in the pastoral Epistles as is seen in the other Epistles. Compare the mention of Timothy, in 1 Cor. xvi. 10 and Phil. ii. 19, 20 with those in 1 Tim. i. 2; 2 Tim. i. 2-5; iv. 9, 21; that of Luke, in Col. iv. 14, with that in 2 Tim. iv. 11; that of Mark, in Col. iv. 10, with that in 2 Tim. iv. 11; and observe also the coincidence of the statements whioh represent Mark, in Col. iv. 10, as going to Colossm, and in 2 Tim. iv. 11 as being in the neighbourhood of Ephesus, where Timothy might piok him up and bring him to Rome with him. It may be added, generally, that we have a certain number of the same workers associated with St. Paul in both sets of Epistles, as Timothy, Titus, Luke, Apollos, Tychicus, Trophimus (Acts :a:. 4: xx:i. 29), Demas, Mark, Priscilla and Aquila; and at the same time, as was to be expected after an interval of several years, the disappearance of some old names, as Sopater, Aristarchus, Gaius, Secundus, Tertius, Qua.rtus, Onesimus, Justus, Epaphras, Epaphroditus, Sosthenes, Lucius, Jesus called Justus, etc.; and the introduction of some new ones, as Phygellus and Hermogenes, Onesiphorns, Crescens, Carpus, Eubulus, Linus, Padens, Claudia, Artemas, Zenas, and others. The same thing may be said of places. While we have the old familiar scenes of St. Paul's apoistolio labours-Miletus, Ephesus, Troae, Macedonia, Corinth-still before us, some new ones are introduced, as Crete, Nicopolis, and Dalmatia. The other quite different class of resemblances is that of words and phrases, and literary style. St. Paul had a way of stringing together a number of words, substantives or adjectives, or short sentences. Examples of this may be seen in Rom. i. 29-31; viii. 35, 39; xvi. 14; 1 Cor. iii. 12, v. 11; vi. 9, 10; xii. 8-10, 28; 2 Cor. vi. 4-10; xi. 23-27; Gal. v. 19- 23; Eph. iv. 31; Col. iii. 5, 8, 12, and elsewhere. An exactly similar mode is seen in 1 Tim. i. 9, 10; vi. 4, 5; 2 Tim. iii. 2-4, 10, 11; Titus i. 7, 8; ii. 3-8; iii. 3. St. Paul'11 ardent and impulsive mind led to frequent digressions and long parenthei;es in his writing, and occasional grammatioal anoIIlll,lies. Take the familiar examples of Rom. ii. 13-15; v. 13-17; Gal. ii. 6-9; Eph. iii. 2-21, etc. With these compare the long parenthesi11 in 1 Tim. i. 5-17; that in 1 Tim. iii. 5 and in 2 Tim. i 3; and the gram- matical difficulties of such pasisages a11 1 Tim. iii. 16 (R.T.); iv. 16. Again, tit Paul was fond of the preposition v7rlp, of which examplei; are given in the note to 1 Tim. i. 14; and the a.7raf AEy61uvov in that pa111;age, V7rEpE7rA£o- vauE, is in marked agreement with this use. The verb q,avEpow, in 1 Tim. iii. 16; 2 Tim. i. 10; Titus i. 3, is of very frequent use by St. Paul in Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Ephesians, and Colossians The use of voµ.o'> in 1 Tim. i. 9 is the same as that in Rom. ii. 12-14; of ivovvaµ.6w in 1 Tim. i. 12; 2 Tim. ii. 1; iv. 17 11.8 tha.t in Rom. iv. 20; Eph. vi. 10; Phil.iv. 13; Heb. xi. 34; and of KaAiw in 1 Tim. vi. 12 a.nd 2 Tim. i. 9 as that in Rom. viii. 30; ix. 24; 1 Cor. i. 9; vii. 15, etc.; Gal i. 6, etc.; Eph. iv. 1; Col. iii. 15; 1 Thes11. ii. 12; 2 1.'hesll. ii. 14. eto. We find ~Oapro'> in Roma.DB, Corinthians, and 1 Tim. THE PASTORAL EPISTLES.