36. Concerning these also is that which followeth, "The congregation of bulls amid the cows of the peoples, in order that there may be excluded they that have been tried with silver." [2857] Calling them bulls because of the pride of a stiff and untamed neck: for he is referring to heretics. But by "the cows of the peoples," I think souls easily led astray must be understood, because easily they follow these bulls. For they lead not astray entire peoples, among whom are men grave and stable; whence hath been written, "In a people grave I will praise Thee:" [2858] but only the cows which they may have found among those peoples. "For of these are they that steal into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, who are led with divers lusts, alway learning, and at the knowledge of the truth never arriving." [2859] ...For, "may be excluded," hath been said, meaning, may appear, may stand forth: as he saith, "may be made manifest." Whence also, in the art of the silversmith, they are called exclusores, who out of the shapelessness of the lump are skilled to mould the form of a vessel. For many meanings of the holy Scriptures are concealed, and are known only to a few of singular intelligence, and are never vindicated so suitably and acceptably as when our diligence to make answer to heretics constraineth us. For then even they that neglect the pursuits of learning, shaking off their slumber, are stirred up to a diligent hearing, in order that their opponents may be refuted. In a word, how many senses of holy Scriptures concerning Christ as God have been vindicated against Photinus, how many concerning Christ as man against Manichæus, how many concerning the Trinity against Sabellius, how many concerning the Unity of the Trinity against Arians, Eunomians, Macedonians? How many concerning the Catholic Church in the whole world spread abroad, against Donatists, and Luciferians, and others, whoever they be, that with like error dissent from the truth: how many against the rest of heretics, whom to enumerate or mention were too long a task, and for the present work unnecessary?...Of whom, as it were bulls, that is, not subject to the peaceful and gentle yoke of discipline, the Apostle maketh mention, in the place where he hath said that such an one must be chosen for the Episcopate as is "able to exhort in sound doctrine and to convince the gainsayers. For there are many unruly;" [2860] these are bulls with uplifted neck, impatient of plough and yoke: vain-talkers and leaders astray of minds; which minds this Psalm hath intimated under the name of cows....
37. "There shall come ambassadors out of Egypt, Ethiopia shall prevent the hands of Him" (ver. 31). Under the name of Egypt or of Ethiopia, he hath signified the faith of all nations, from a part the whole: calling the preachers of reconciliation ambassadors. "For Christ," he saith, "we have an embassy, God as it were exhorting through us: we beseech you for Christ to be reconciled to God." [2861] Not then of the Israelites alone, whence the Apostles were chosen, but also from the rest of the nations that there should be preachers of Christian peace, in this manner hath been mystically prophesied. But by that which he saith, "shall prevent the hands of Him," he saith this, shall prevent the vengeance of Him: to wit, by turning to Him, in order that their sins may be forgiven, lest by continuing sinners they be punished. Which thing also in another Psalm is said, "Let us come before [2862] the face of Him in confession." [2863] As by hands he signifieth vengeance, so by face, revelation and presence, which will be in the Judgment. Because then, by Egypt and Ethiopia he hath signified the nations of the whole world; immediately he hath subjoined, "to God (are) the kingdoms of the earth." Not to Sabellius, not to Arius, not to Donatus, not to the rest of the bulls stiff-necked, but "to God (are) the kingdoms of the earth." But the greater number of Latin copies, and especially the Greek, have the verses so punctuated, that there is not one verse in these words, "to God the kingdoms of the earth," but, "to God," is at the end of the former verse, and so there is said, "Ethiopia shall come before the hands of her to God," and then there followeth in another verse, "Kingdoms of the earth, sing ye to God, psalm ye to the Lord" (ver. 32). By which punctuation, doubtless to be preferred by the agreement of many copies, and those deserving of credit, there seemeth to me to be implied faith which precedeth works: because without the merits of good works through faith the ungodly is justified, just as the Apostle said, "To one believing in Him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness:" [2864] in order that afterwards faith itself through love may begin to work. For those alone are to be called good works, [2865] which are done through love of God. But these faith must needs go before, so that from thence these may begin, not from these this....This is faith, whereof to the Church Herself is said in the Song of Songs, "Thou shalt come and shalt pass hence from the beginning of faith." [2866] For She hath come [2867] like the chariot of God in thousands of men rejoicing, having a prosperous course, and She hath passed over from this world to the Father: in order that there may come to pass in Her that which the Bridegroom Himself saith, who hath passed hence from this world to the Father, [2868] "I will that where I am, these also may be with Me:" [2869] but from the beginning of faith. Because then in order that good works may follow, faith doth precede; and there are not any good works, save those which follow faith preceding: nothing else seemeth to have been meant in, "Ethiopia shall come before the hands of her to God," but, Ethiopia shall believe in God. For thus she "shall come before the hands of her," that is, the works of her. Of whom, except of Ethiopia herself? For this in the Greek is not ambiguous: for the word "of her" [2870] there in the feminine gender most clearly hath been put down. And thus nothing else hath been said than "Ethiopia shall come before her hands to God," that is, by believing in God she shall come before her works. For, "I judge," saith the Apostle, "that a man is justified through faith without the works of the Law. Is He God of the Jews only? Is He not also of the Gentiles?" [2871] So then Ethiopia, which seemeth to be the utmost limit of the Gentiles, is justified through faith, without the works of the Law....For the expression in Greek, cheira autes, which most copies have, both of "hand of her" and "her own hand" may be understood: but that which is uncommon in the Greek copies, cheiras autes, by both "hands of her" and "her own [2872] hands," in Latin may be expressed.
38. Henceforward, as if through prophecy all things had been discoursed of which now we see fulfilled, he exhorteth to the praise of Christ, and next He foretelleth His future Advent. "Kingdoms of earth, sing ye to God, psalm ye to the Lord: psalm ye to God, who hath ascended above the Heaven of Heavens to the East" (ver. 33). Or, as some copies have it, "who hath ascended above the Heaven of Heaven to the East." In these words he perceiveth not Christ, who believeth not His Resurrection and Ascension. But hath not "to the East," which he hath added, expressed the very spot; since in the quarters of the East is where He rose again, and whence He ascended? Therefore above the Heaven of Heaven He sitteth at the right hand of the Father. This is what the Apostle saith, "the Same is He that hath ascended above all Heavens." [2873] For what of Heavens doth remain after the Heaven of Heaven? Which also we may call the Heavens of Heavens, just as He hath called the firmament Heaven: [2874] which Heaven, however, even as Heavens we read of, in the place where there is written, "and let the waters which are above the Heavens praise the name of the Lord." [2875] And forasmuch as from thence He is to come, [2876] to judge quick and dead, observe what followeth: "behold, He shall give His voice, the voice of power." [2877] He that like a lamb before the shearer of Him was without voice, [2878] "behold shall give His voice," and not the voice of weakness, as though to be judged; but "the voice of power," as though going to judge. For God shall not be hidden, as before, and in the judgment of men not opening His mouth; but "God shall come manifest, our God, and He shall not be silent." [2879] Why do ye despair, ye unbelieving men? Why do ye mock? What saith the evil servant? "My Lord delayeth to come." [2880] "Behold, He shall give His voice, the voice of power."
39. "Give ye glory to God, above Israel is the magnificence of Him" (ver. 34). Of whom saith the Apostle, "Upon the Israel of God." [2881] For "not all that are out of Israel, are Israelites:" [2882] for there is also an Israel after the flesh. Whence he saith, "See ye Israel after the flesh." [2883] "For not they that are sons of the flesh, are sons of God, but sons of promise are counted for a seed." [2884] Therefore at that time when without any intermixture of evil men His people shall be, like a heap purged by the fan, [2885] like Israel in whom guile is not, [2886] then most pre-eminent "above Israel" shall be "the magnificence" of "Him: and the virtue of Him in the clouds." For not alone He shall come to judgment, but with the elders of His people: [2887] to whom He hath promised that they shall sit upon thrones to judge, [2888] who even shall judge angels. [2889] These be the clouds.
40. Lastly, lest of anything else the clouds be understood, he hath in continuation added, "Wonderful is God in His saints, the God of Israel" (ver. 35). For at that time even most truly and most fully there shall be fulfilled the name Israel itself, which is one "seeing God:" for we shall see Him as He is. [2890] "He Himself shall give virtue [2891] and strength to His people, blessed be God:" to His people now frail and weak. For "we have this treasure in earthen vessels." [2892] But then by a most glorious changing even of our bodies, "He Himself shall give virtue and strength to His people." For this body is sown in weakness, shall rise in virtue. [2893] He Himself then shall give the virtue which in His own flesh He hath sent before, whereof the Apostle saith, "the power of His Resurrection." [2894] But strength whereby shall be destroyed the enemy death. [2895] Now then of this long and difficultly understood Psalm we have at length by His own aid made an end. "Blessed be God. Amen."
[2684] Lat. LXVII.
[2685] Rom. x. 4.
[2686] Rom. ix. 5.
[2687] Effectum.
[2688] Ps. cxxxix. 6.
[2689] John xix. 6.
[2690] Matt. xxv. 34.
[2691] Ps. ii. 11.
[2692] Job vii. 1, LXX.
[2693] Isa. lii. 7.
[2694] 1 Cor. ii. 8.
[2695] 2 Cor. vi. 10.
[2696] Rom. xii. 12.
[2697] Matt. x. 34.
[2698] Ps. xxvii. 10.
[2699] 1 Tim. v. 5.
[2700] John xii. 19.
[2701] Ps. xxv. 17.
[2702] Ps. cxvi. 16.
[2703] Ecclus. xvii. 28.
[2704] Prov. xviii. 3.
[2705] Luke xiii. 16.
[2706] John xi. 43.
[2707] Ps. lxviii. 6.
[2708] Exod. xiii. 21.
[2709] Exod. xvi. 15.
[2710] Ps. lxviii. 8.
[2711] Numb. xi. 5, 6.
[2712] Numb. xiv. 23, 24.
[2713] 1 Cor. x. 11.
[2714] Sol. Song ii. 17.
[2715] Ps. xix. 1.
[2716] Eph. ii. 8-10.
[2717] Ps. lxviii. 6.
[2718] Ps. xix. 1.
[2719] Ps. xix. 1.
[2720] Gen. i. 8.
[2721] Gal. iv. 24.
[2722] Ps. cxlvii. 20.
[2723] Rom. viii. 3.
[2724] Rom. v. 20.
[2725] Matt. v. 17.
[2726] Grace the voluntary rain.
[2727] [See p. 189, supra.--C.]
[2728] Rom. xi. 6.
[2729] Jas. iv. 6.
[2730] 2 Cor. xii. 9.
[2731] Ps. lxxxiv. 6 (al. lxxxiii. 8). Vulgate nearly so.
[2732] Ps. lxxxv. 12.
[2733] Ps. cxxiii. 4.
[2734] Ps. xxiv. 10.
[2735] Rom. i. 3, 4.
[2736] John xvii. 10.
[2737] 1 Tim. i. 17.
[2738] Ps. lxxii. 1.
[2739] He adds: "This repetition all the copies have not, and the more careful mark it with a star put before it, which marks are called asterisks, whereby they would have to be noted, that there are not in the Septuagint Version, but there are in the Hebrew, those words which are distinguished by such marks."
[2740] Dilecti, which signifies a love of choice.