§ 98. THE LITUKGIE8. THEIE ORIGIN AND CCfi'TTENTS. 517
Cartilage in the time of Cyprian had been made drunk by receiving the wine. But tlie withholding of the cup from the laity, which transgresses the express command of the Lord : " Drink ye all of it," and is associated with a superstitious horroi of profaning the blood of the Lord by spilling, and with the development of the power of the priesthood, dates only from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and was then justified by the scholastic doctrine of concomitance.
In the Greek church it was customary to dip the bread in the wine, and deliver both elements in a spoon.
The customs of house-communion and after-communion for the sick and for prisoners, of distributing the unconsecrated remainder of the bread among the non-communicants, and of sending the consecrated elements, or their substitutes," to distant bishops or churches at Easter as a token of fellowship, are very old.
The Greek church used leavened bread, the Latin, unleavened. This difference ultimately led to intricate controversies.
The mixing of the wine with water was considered essential, and was explained in various mystical ways ; chiefly by reference to the blood and water which flowed from the side of Jesus on the cross.
§ 98. The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents.
J. GoAR (a learned Dominican, 1 1653) : EixoXoyiov, sive Rituale Grsecorum, etc. Gr. et Lat. Par. 1647 (another ed. at Venice, 1740). Jos. Aloys. Assemani (R. 0.) : Codex Liturgicus ecclesise universsB, ... in quo continentur libri rituales, missales, pontificales, officiii, dypticha, etc., ecclesiarum Occidentis et Orientis (published under the auspices of Pope Boniface XIV.). Rom. l749-'66, 13 vols. Euseb. Renaddot (R. C.) : Liturgiarum orientalium collectio. Par. 1716 (reprinted 1847), 2 vols. L. A. Mueatoei (R. C., tl750): Liturgia Romana vetus. Venet. 1748, 2 vols, (contains the tt ree Roman sacraraentaries of Leo, Gelasius, and Gregory I., also the Missale Gothicum, and a learned introduciory dissertation, De rebus liturgicis). W. Palmer (Anglican) : Origines Liturgicae. Lond. 1832 (and 1845), 2
These substitutes for the consecrated elements were called ai/T'iSwpa (i. c, opt! rwv Sdpwv ti'xapiffTiKii'), and eulocfue (from the benediction at the close of the Her vice).
(Jl8 THIRD PERIOD, A.D, 311-590.
vols, (with si>eci;J reference to the Anglican liturgy). Tns. Brett: 4 Collection of tlie Principal Liturgies used iu the Christian Church in the celebration of the Eucharist, particularly the ancient (translated into English), with a Dissertation upon them. Lond. 1838 (pp. 405), W. Teollope (Anglican): The Greek Liturgy of St. James. Edinb. 1848. II. A. Daniel (Lutheran, the most learned German liturgist): Codes Liturgicus ecclesiae uuiversa) in epitoniem rodactus. Lips. 1847 sqq. 4 vols. (vol. i. contains the Eoman, vol. iv. the Oriental Liturgies). Fk. J. MoNE (E. C.) : Lateinische u. Griechische Mcssen aus dem 2tea bis 6ten Jahrhundert. Frankf. a. M. 1850 (with valuable treatises on the Galilean, African, and Roman Mass). J. M. Neale (t 1866, the most learned Anglican ritualist and liturgist, who studied the Eastern liturgies daily for thirty years, and almost knew them by heart); Tetralogia liturgica; sive S. Chrysostomi, S. Jacobi, S. ilarci divmsa missaa: quibus accedit ordo Mozarabicus. Lond. 1849. The same: The Liturgies of S. Mark, S. James, S. Clement, S. Chrysostom, S. Basil, or according to tho use of the churches of Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople. Lond. 1859 f. (in the Greek original, and the same liturgies iu an English translation, with an introduction and appendices, also at Loud. 1859). Comp. also Neale's History of the Holy Eastern Church. Loud. 1850 ; Gen. Iiitrod. vol. second ; and his Essays on Liturgiology and Church History. Lond. 1863. (The latter, dedicated to the metropolitan Philaret of Moscow, is a collection of various learned treatises of the author from the " Christian Remembrancer" on the Roman and Gallican Breviary, the Church Collects, the Mozarabic and Ambrosian Liturgies, Liturgical Quotations, etc.) The already cited work, of kindred spirit, by the English Episcopal divine, Freeman, likewise treats much of the old Liturgies, with a predilection for the Western, while Neale has an especial reverence for the Eastern ritual. (Comp. also Bcnsex: Christianity and Mankind, Lond. 1854, vol. vii., which contains Reliquiaa Liturgica); the Irvingite work : Readings upon the Liturgy and other Divine Offices of the Church. Lond. 1848-'54; Hofjjno: Liturgisches Urkundenbuch. Leipz. 1854.)
Liturgy* means, in ecclesiastical language," the order and administration of public worship in general, and the celebration
* AfiTovpyia, from Atlroy, i. e., belonging to the \(u>i or Aao'r, public, and tpyor ■= epyov Tov \((i or rod AaoT, public work, office, function. In Athens the term was applied especially to tbe directing of public spectncles, festive dances, and the distribution of food to the people on festal occasions. Paul, in Rom. xiil. 6, calls Beculiir magistrates \tiruvpyo\ @eou.
' Comp. Luke i. 23, where the priestly serv.iA; of Zacharias is called \eiTovpyla\ Heb. viii. 2, 6; ix. 21 ; x. 11, where the word is applied to tlie nigh-Priesthood of