§ 100, THE OCCIDENTAL LITUKGIES. 531
Sundays. It is an abridgment and improvement ol that of St. Basil, and, through the influence of the distinguished patriarchs of Constantinople, it has since the sixth century dislodged the liturgies of St. James and St. Mark. The original text can hardly be ascertained, as the extant copies differ greatly from one another.
The present Greek and Russian ritual, which surpasses even tlie Roman in pomp, cannot possibly have come down in all its details from the age of Chrysostora. Chrysostom is indeed supposed, as Proclus says, to have shortened in many respects the worship in Constantinople on accoirat of the weakness of human nature ; but the liturgy which bears his name is still in the seventh century called " the Liturgy of the Holy Apostles," and appears to have received his name not before the eighth.
§ 100. The Occidental Liturgies.
The liturgies of the Western church may be aivided into three classes : (1) the Ephesian family, which is traced to a Johannean origin, and embraces the Mozarabic and the Gallican liturgies ; (2) the Roman litnrgy, which, of course, like the papacy itself, must come down from St. Peter ; (3) the Ambrosian and Aquileian, which is a mixture of the other two. We have therefore here less diversity than in the East. The tendency of the Latin church everywhere pressed strongly toward uniformity, and the Roman liturgy at last excluded all others.
1. The Old Gallican liturgy,' in many of its features, points back, like the beginnings of Christianity in South Gaul, to an
' Edited by Mabillon: De liturgia Gallicana, libri iil Par. 1729; and recently ie much more complete form, from older MSS. by Francis Joseph Mone (archive-direo tor in Carlsruhe) : Lateinische u. griechische Messen lus dem 2ten bis 6ten Jahrhun dert, Frankf. a. M. 1850. This is one of the most important liturgical discoveries. Mone gives fragments of eleven mass-fonnularies from a codex rescriptus of the former cloister of Reichenau, which are older than those previously known, but hardly reach back, as he thinks, to the second century (the time of the persecution at Lyons, a. d. 177). Comp. against this, Denzinger, in the Tiibingen Quartalsohrifl, 1850, p. 500 flF. Neale agrees with Mone: Essays on Liturgiology, p. Wl.
532 rHLRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590.
A-siatic, Epliesiaiij and so far we may say JoliaDnean origin, and took its later forin in the fifth century. Among its composers, or rather the revisers, Hilary of Poictiers is particularly named. In the time of Charlemagne it was superseded by tlui Koman. Gallicanism, which in church organization and polity boldly asserted its rights, sufi'cred itself easily to be Romanized in its worship.
The Old British liturgy was without doubt identical with the Gallican, but after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons it was likew^ise supplanted by the Koman,
2. The Old Spakish or (though incorrectly so called) Gothic, also named Mozakabio liturgy.' This is in many res])ect8 allied to the Gallic, and probably came through the latter from a similar Eastern source. It appears to have existed before the incursion of the West Goths in 409 ; for it shows no trace of the influence of the Arian heresy, or of the ritual system of Constantinople.' Its present form is attributed to Isidore of Seville and the fourth council of Toledo in 633. It maintained itself in Spain down to the thirteenth century and was then superseded by the Roman liturgy.'
It has, like the Gallican, besides the Gospels and Epistles,
' Called " Gothic," because its development and bloom ftilla in the time of the Gothic rule in Spain ; " Mozarahlc " it came to be called after the couciucst of Spain by the Arabs. Mozarab, Muzarab, Mostarab, is a kind of term of contempt for the Spanish Christians under the Arabic dominion, in distinction from the Arabs of pure blood. The word comes not from invx.ti and Arabeii^ nor from Muza, the Maurian chieftain who subjugated Spain, but from a participle of the tenth conjugation of the Arabic verb araba ; therefore something like " arabizing Arab," or Arab by adoption, in distinction from Arabs of the pure blood. Comj). the similar distinction between Hellenist and Hebrew.
' Pinius (in a dissertation prefixed to the 32d voL of the Acta Sanctorum) supposes that the Spanish liturgy came from the Goths, therefore from Constantinople; but Neale (Essays on Liturgiology, p. 130 ft'.) endeavors to prove that it was cou temporaneous with the introduction of Christianity in Spain, but afterward, by Leander of Seville (about 589), was conlbrmed in some points to the Oriental cercmoniaL
* The Spani.sh cardinal Ximenes edited from defective manuscrij)t3 the first printed edition at Toledo, 1000, which, however, is in a measure conformed to the Roman order. He alsi) founded in the cathedral of Toleiio a cliapel (ad Corpus Christi), where the so renovated Mozarabic service is still continued daily. A simi lar chapel was f funded in Salamanca for the same purpose. Ncale, in his Tetralogia Liturgica, gives the Ordo Mozarabicus for comparison with the Liturgies of Chrjsoa