§ 101. LrTUKGICAL VESTMENTS. 533
The collection of the various parts of the Roman liturgy ' in one book is called Missale Eomanum^ and the directions fathc priests are called RuhriccB^
§ 101. Liturgical Yesi/ments,
Besides the liturgical works already cited, comp. John England (late R. 0. bishop of Charleston, S. 0., f 1842): An Historical Explanation of the Vestments, Ceremonies, etc., appertaining to the holy Sacrifice of the Mass (an Introduction to the American Engl, edition of the Roman Missal). Philad. 1843. Fe. Bock (R. C.) : Geschichte der liturgischen Gewander des Mittelalters. Bonn, 1856, 2 vols. 0. Jos. Hefele: Beitrage zur Kirchengeschichte, Archaologie und Liturgik. Vol it Tub. 1864, p. 150 ff.
The stately outward solemnity of public worship, and the strict separation of the hierarchy from the body of the laity, required corresponding liturgical vesture, after the example of the Jewish priesthood and cultus,' symbolical of the grades of the clergy and of the different parts of the worship.
In the Greek church the liturgical vestments and ornaments are the sticharion,* and the orarion, or horarion " for the deacon ; the sticharion, the phelonion,' the zone,' the epitrachelion,* and the epimanikia' for the priest; the saccos," the omopho-
■ Sacramentarium, antiphonarium, lectionarium (containing the lessons from the Old Testament, the Acts, the Epistles, and the Apocalypse), evangelaritim (the leasons from the Gospels), ordo Romanus.
' From their being written or printed in red.
' To which in general the Greek and Roman system of vestments is very closely allied. On the Jewish sacred vestments, see Ex. xxviii. 1-53 ; xxxix. 1-31, etc
• 2toix«p<o»', ffrixapiov (by Goar always translated, dalmatica), a long coat cor. responding to the broidered coat (rihs , x'''"'^'') tunica, Ex. xxviii. 39) of the Jewish priest, and the alba and dalmatica of the Latin church.
• 'Clpdpiov (from Spa, hour of prayer), or wpapiowy corresponding to the Latia btola.
• ^fXdivtov, tpaiXcaviov, a wide mantle, corresponding to the casula.
^ Ziivri, girdle, cingulum, balteus, corresponding to the usas of the Jewish priest
• 'Ewtrpaxv^iov, collariura, a double orarion, a scapulary or cape.
• 'E-ninaviKia, on the arms, corresponding to the manipulus.
" :ia.KKos, a short coat with rich embroidery, without sleeves, and with littl* b«lle.
536 THIRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590,
rion,' tlie epigonation,'' and the crozier' for the bi^hitp, Tlie mitre is not used by tlie Greeks.
The vestments in the Latin church are the amict or humeral,' the alb (white cope or surplice),* the cincture,* the maniple,* the orarium or stole * for the priest ; the chasuble,* the dalmatic," the pectoral," and the mitre '" for the bishop ; the pallium for the archbishop. To these are to be added the episcopal ring and staff or crozier.
These clerical vestments almost all appear to have been more or less in use before the seventh century, though only in public worship ; it is impossible exactly to determine the age of each. The use of priestly vestments itself originated in fact
' 'CifiocpSpiov, corresponding to the Latin pallium (and so translated by Goar) but broader, and fastened about the neck with a button.
* 'Emyovdriov, also viroyovariov, a quadrangular shield, reaching from the C'^yy to the knee, and signifying, according to Simeon Metaphrastes, the victory ovedeath and the devil.
' 'Pa^5o?, sceptrum.
* The linen cloth which the priest, before celebrating, threw about his neck ana shoulders, with the prayer : " Irapone, Domine, capili meo galeara salutis ad expugnandos diabolicos excursus." It is nowhere mentioned before the eighth century. It answers to the Jewish ephod.
* Alba vestis, tunica, camisia, the white linen robe which hangs from the necl to the feet. From the alb arose, by shortening, the surplice (superpelliceum, rochet tum ; French : surplis ; German : Chorrock), which is the ordinary oflBcial dress of th< lower clergy.
* Cingulum, balteus, zona, a linen girdle for gathering up the alb.
' Manipulus, sudarium, fano, mappula, originally a napkin, hung upon the left arm of deacons and priests, afterward only of bishops, after the Confiteor.
* The stola is a Imen vestment hanging from both shoulders. The pope wears th" stole always ; the priest, only when officiating. The council of Laodicea after 847 prohibited the wearing of it by subdeacons and the lower clergy.
* Casula, planeta, the mass-vestment, covering the whole body, but without elecves, with a cross behind and before embroidered in gold or fine silk. From the casula arose the pluviale, a festive mantle with a hood (casula cucullata), used in processions and on other state occasions.
'° So called from the place of its origin. It is an overgarment of costly material, similar to the casula, and worn under it.
" The pcctorale, crux pectoralis, is the breast-cross of bishops and archbishops, and answers proljably to the breastplate of the Jewish high-priest.
" The mitra, tiara, infula, birretum, is the episcopal head dress, after the type of Uie Jewish rE3:ir (LXX. : iriSapjs, Vulgate: tiara, mitra), originally single, aftei the eleventh century with two points, supposed to denote the two Testaments.