302 FOUKTH PEKIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
Clement II., and crowned Henry emperor on the festival of Christmas, on which Charlemagne had been crowned. The name was a reminder of the conflict of the first Clement of Rome with Simon Magus. But he outlived his election only nine months, and his body was transferred to his beloved Bamberg^ The wretched Benedict IX. again took possession of the Lateran (till July 16, 1048). He died afterwards in Grotto Ferrata, according to one report as a penitent saint, according to another as a hardened sinner whose ghost frightened the living. A third German pontiff, Poppo, bishop of Brixen, called Damasus II., was elected, but died twenty-three days after his consecration (Aug. 10, 1048), of the Roman fever, if not of poison.
The emperor, at the request of the Romans, appointed at Worms in December, 1048, Bruno, bishop of Toul, to the papal chair. He was a man of noble birth, fine appearance, consider able learning, unblemished character, and sincere piety, in full sympathy with the spirit of reform which emanated from Cluny. He accepted the appointment in presence of the Roman depu ties, subject to the consent of the clergy and people of Rome.1 He invited the monk Hildebrand to accompany him in his pil grimage to Rome. Hildebrand refused at first, because Bruno had not been canonically elected, but by the secular and royal power ; but he was persuaded to follow him.
Bruno reached Rome in the month of February, 1049, in the dress of a pilgrim, barefoot, weeping, regardless of the hymns of welcome. His election was unanimously confirmed by the Roman clergy and people, and he was solemnly consecrated Feb. 12, as Leo IX. He found the papal treasury empty, and his own means were soon exhausted. He chose Hildebrand as his subdeacon, financier, and confidential adviser, who hereafter was the soul of the papal reform, till he himself ascended the papal throne in 1073.
1 So says Wibert, his friend and biographer, but Bonitho reports that Hilde brand induced him to submit first to a Roman election, since a pope elected by the emperor was not an apostolicus, but an apostaticus. See Baxmann, IL 215-217. Comp. also Hunkler : Leo IX. und seine Zeit. Mainz, 1851.
\ 66. HENRY III. AND THE SYNOD OF SUTRI. 303
We stand here at the close of the deepest degradation and on the threshold of the highest elevation of the papacy. The synod of Sutri and the reign of Leo IX. mark the beginning of a dis ciplinary reform. Simony or the sale and purchase of ecclesias tical dignities, and Nicolaitism or the carnal sins of the clergy, including marriage, concubinage and unnatural vices, were the crying evils of the church in the eyes of the most serious men, especially the disciples of Cluny and of St. Romuald. A refor mation therefore from the hierarchical standpoint of the middle ages Avas essentially a suppression of these two abuses. And as the corruption had reached its climax in the papal chair, the reformation had to begin at the head before it could reach the members. It was the work chiefly of Hildebrand or Gregory VII., with whom the next period opens.
CHAPTER Y.
THE CONFLICT OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCHES AND THEIR SEPARATION.
§ 67. Sources and Literature.
The chief sources on the beginning of the controversy between Photius and Nicolas are in MANSI : Cone. Tom. XV. and XVI. ; in HAR- DTTIN : Cone. Tom. V. HERGENROTHER : Monumenta Grceca ad Photium ejusque historiam pertinentia. Regensb. 1869.
1. On the GREEK side :
PHOTIUS : 'Eyfcv/efoof sirtaToty, etc. and especially his Aoyo? irepi rfjq rov dyiot
Ilveiy/arof (warayuyias, etc. See PnoTii Opera omnia, ed. Migne.
Paris, 1860-'61, 4 vols. (Pair. Gr. Tom. CI.-CIV.) The Encycl.
Letter is in Tom. II. 722-742 ; and his treatise on the uvarayoyia rov
dyiov nvev/uarnc in Tom. II. 279-391. Later champions : C^RULARIUS, NICETAS PECTORATUS, THEOPHYLACT (12th century).
EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS, PnuRNUS, EUSTRATIUS, and many others.
In recent times PROKOPOVITCH (1772), ZOERNICAV (1774, 2 vols.). J. G. PITZIPIOS : L1 Egl. orientate, sa separation et sa reunion avec celle de
Rome. Rome, 1855. L* Orient. Les reformes de I' 'empire byzantin.
Paris, 1858. A. N. MOURAVIEFF (Russ.) : Question religieuse d1 Orient et d1 Occident.
Moscow, 1856.
GUETTERE : La papaute schismatique. Par. 1863. A. PICHLER : Gesch. d. Jcirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient und
Occident von den ersten Anfdngen bis zur jungsten Gegenwart. Miin-
chen, 1865, 2 Bde. The author was a Roman Catholic (Privatdocent
der Theol. in Miinchen) when he wrote this work, but blamed the
West fully as much as the East for the schism, and afterwards joined
the Greek church in Russia. ANDRONICOS DIMITRACOPULOS : ' loropla rov cxiaiLciTos. Lips. 1867. Also
his 'BMfaodfari EKKtyff. Lips. 1866. TIIEODORUS LAPCARIS JUNIOR : De Processione Spiritu* S. Oratio Apo-
logetica. London and Jena, 1875.
IL. On the LATIN (Roman Catholic) side:
RATRAMNUS ( Contra Grcecorum Opposita] ; ANSELM: of Canterbury
(De Processione Spiritus S- 1098); PETRUS CHRYSOLANTJS (1112);
THOMAS AQUINAS (d. 1274), etc.