2 118. DOCTKINE OF ADOPT10NISM. 521
nation assume a human personality, but human nature. There is therefore no room at all for an adoptive Sonship. The Bible nowhere calls Christ the adopted Son of God. Christ is, in his person, from eternity or by nature what Christians become by grace and regeneration.
In condemning Monotheletism, the Church emphasized the duality of natures in Christ ; in condemning Adoptionism, she emphasized the unity of person. Thus she guarded the catholic Christology both against Eutychian and Nestorian departures, but left the problem of the full and genuine humanity of Christ unsolved. While he is the eternal Son of God, he is at the same time truly and fully the Son of man. The mcdia3vai Church dwelt chiefly on the divine majesty of Christ, and re moved him at an infinite distance from man, so that he could only be reached through intervening mediators; but, on the other hand, she kept a lively, though grossly realistic, remem brance of his passion in the daily sacrifice of the mass, and found in the worship of the tender Virgin-Mother with the Infant-Saviour on her protecting arm a substitute for the con templation and comfort of his perfect manhood. The triumph of the theory of transubstantiation soon followed the defeat of Adoptionism, and strengthened the tendency towards an exces sive and magical supcruaturalism which annihilates the natural, instead of transforming it.
NOTE.
The learned "Walch defends the orthodoxy of the Adoptionists, since they did not say that Christ, in his two-fold Sonship, was all us ct alias, fiTJ.oq Kai d/2-of (which is the Nestorian view), but that he was Son alitcr et alitcr, <U7wf nal d?.?kwf. Kctzer historic, vol. IX., pp. 881, 904. Baur (II., p. 152) likewise justifies Adoptionism, as a legitimate inference from the Chalccdonian dogma, but on the assumption that this dogma itself in cludes a contradiction. Neander, Dorner, Xiedner, Hefele, and Moller concede the affinity of Adoptionism with Nestorianism, but affirm, at the same time, the difference and the new features in Adoptionism (see especially Domer II., p. 309 sq.).
522 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
§ 119. The Predestinarian Controversy, Comp. vol. III., II 158-160, pp. 851 sqq. LITERATURE.
I. The sources are (1) The remains of the writings of GOTTSCHALK, viz.,
three Confessions (one before the Synod of Mainz, two composed in prison), a poetic Epistle to Ratramnus, and fragments of a book against Babanus Maurus. Collected in the first volume of Mauguin (see below), and in Migne's "Patrol. Lat.," Tom. 121, col. 348-372.
(2) The writings of Gottschalk's friends : PRUDENTIUS : Epist. ad Hincmarum, and Contra Jo. Scotum; RATRAMNUS: De Prcedest., 850; SERVATUS LUPUS: De tribus Questionibus (i. e., free will, predesti nation, and the extent of the atonement), 850; FLORUS MAGISTER: De Freed, contra J. Scot. ; REMIGIUS : Lib. de tribus Epistolis, and Libellus de tenenda immobiliter /Scriptures veritate. Collected in the first vol. of Mauguin, and in Migne's "Patrol. Lat.," vols. 115, 119 and 121. A poem of WALAFRID STRABO on Gottschalk, in Migne, Tom. 114, col. 1115 sqq.
(3) The writings of Gottschalk's opponents: RABANUS MAURUS (in
Migne, Tom. 112) ; HIXCMAR of Rheims : De Prcedestinatione et Liber -o Arbitrio, etc. (in Migne, Tom. 125 and 126) ; SCOTUS ERIGENA : De Prcedest. Dei contra Gottescalcum, 851 (first ed. by Mauguin, 1650, and in 1853 by Floss in Migne, Tom. 122). See also the Acts of Councils in MAXSI, Tom. XIV. and XV.
II. Works of historians: JAC. USSHER (Anglican and Calvinist) : Gotteschalci et Prcedestinatiance controversice ab eo motce Historia. Dublin, 1631 ; Hanover, 1662 ; and in the Dublin ed. of his works.
GILB. MAUGUIN ( Jansenist, d. 1674) : Vet. Auctorum, qul IX. scec. de Prcedest. et Grat. scripserunt, Opera et Fragm. plurima nunc primum in lucem edita, etc. Paris, 1650, 2 Tom. In the second volume he gives the history and defends the orthodoxy of Gottschalk.
L. CELLOT (Jesuit) : Hist. Gotteschalci prcedestinatiani. Paris, 1655, fol. Against Gottschalk and Mauguin.
J. J. HOTTINGER (Reformed) : Fata doctrines de Prcedestinatione et Gratia Dei. Tiguri, 1727. Also his Dissertation on Gottschalk, 1710.
Card. NORIS : Historia Gottesc., in his Opera. Venice, 1759, Tom. III.
F. MONNIER : De Gotteschalci et Joan. Erigence Controversia. Paris, 1853.
JUL. WEIZSACKER (Luth.) : Das Dogma von der gottl. Vorherbestimmung im 9ten Jahrh., in Dorner's "Jahrbiicher fur Deutsche Theol." Gotha, 1859, p. 527-576.
HEFELE (R. Oath.) : Conciliengesch. IV. 130-223 (second ed., 1879).