\ 120. GOTTSCHALK AND RABANUS MAUKUS. 527
Augustin and agrees with the Semi-Pelagians. He also distin guishes between prccsciti and prcedestinati. The impenitent sin ners were only foreknown, not foreordained. He admitted that "the punishment is foreordained for the sinner," but denied that "the sinner is foreordained for punishment."1 He sup ported his view with passages from Jerome, Prosper, Gennadius, and Augustin.2
Gottschalk saw in this tract the doctrine of the Semi-Pelagian Gennadius and Cassianus rather than of " the most catholic doc tor" Augustin. He appeared before a Synod at Mainz, which was opened Oct. 1, 848, in the presence of the German king, and boldly professed his belief in a two-fold predestination, to life and to death, God having from eternity predestinated his elect by free grace to eternal life, and quite similarly all reprobates, by a just judgment for their evil deserts, to eternal death.3 The offensive part in this confession lies in the words two-fold (gemina)
1 Hcfele (IV. 13G) declares this to be inconsistent, because both sentences amount to the same tiling and give a good orthodox sense. "In Wahrheit ist ja auch der Siindcr pradextinirt ad mortem oder poenam, aber seine Predestination ist kcine absolute, wie die dcs electus, sondern sie ist bedingt durch die pra'.visa demerita."
2 Chiefly from the Hypomnesticon (Commonitorium, Memorandum], usually called Hypognosticon (Snbnotationes], a pseudo-Augustinian work against the Pelagian*, which was freely quoted at that time as Augustinian by Scotus Erigena and Hincmar; while Remigius proved the spurkmsness. It is printed in the tenth vol. of the Benedict, ed. of Augustin, and in Migne's reprint, X. 1611-1GG4. See Feuerlein: Disqnis. hist, de libris Hi/pognosticon, an ab Hincmaro, in Augustana Confessione et alibi recte tribuantur divo Augiistino. Altdorf, 1735.
3 The fragment of this confession is preserved by Hincmar, De Proudest., c. 5 (Miene, 125, col. 89 sq.): " f?9° Gothescalcus credo et confiteor, profiteer et testificor ex Deo Patrc, per Dcum Filinm, in Deo Spirits Sancto, et affirmo atque approbo coram Deo et san"tis ejus, quod gemina est pro?dei*(inatio, sive electorum ad requiem, sive reproborum ad mortem [so far quoted verbatim from Isidore of Seville, Sent. II. 6] : quia sicnt Deux incommntabilis ante mundi constitutionem omnes eleetos snos incommutabiliter per gratuitam gratiam suam proudest inavit ad I'itam o'terTiam, similiter omnino omnes reprobos, quia in die judicii damnabnntur propter ipsorum mala merita, idem ipse incommutahilis Deus per justum judicium suum mcommutabiliter prccdestinarit ad mortem merito sempitemam"
528 FOURTH PEKIOD. A.D. 590-1049.
and quite similarly (similiter omnino), by which he seemed to put the two foreordinations, i. e. election and reprobation, on the same footing ; but he qualified it by a reference to the guilt and future judgment of the reprobate. He also maintained against Rabanus that the Son of God became man and died only for the elect. He measured the extent of the purpose by the extent of the effect. God is absolutely unchangeable, and his will must be fulfilled. What does not happen, cannot have been intended by him.
The details of the synodical transaction are unknown, but Rabanus, who presided over the Synod, gives as the result, in a letter to Hincmar, that Gottschalk was condemned, together with his pernicious doctrine (which he misrepresents), and handed over to his metropolitan, Hincmar, for punishment and safe-keeping.
§ 121. Gottschalk and Hincmar.
Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, a most influential, proud and intolerant prelate, was ill-disposed towards Gottschalk, be cause he had been somewhat irregularly (though not invalidly) ordained to the priesthood by a rural bishop (chorepiscopus), Rigbold of Rheims, without the knowledge of his own bishop of Soissons, and gone on travels without permission of his abbot.1 He treated the poor monk without mercy. Gottschalk was summoned before a synod of Chiersy (in palatio Carisiaco) 2 in the spring of 849. He refused to recant, and was condemned as an incorrigible heretic, deposed from the priesthood, publicly scourged for obstinacy, according to the rule of St. Benedict, compelled to burn his books, and shut up in the prison of a convent in the province of Rheims.3 According to the report
1 Mauguin vindicates Gottschalk in both respects.
2 Carisiacum, Cressy or Cre'cy in Northern France, in the department of Somme, celebrated by the battle of 1346 between the English Edward III. and the French Philip VI.
• Mansi, XIV. 921; Pertz, Monum. I. 443 sq.; Migne, Tom. 115, col. 1402;