\ 171. SERVATUS LUPUS. 737
pensive monastery.1 It was not, however, until 849 that the cell was restored. This is the more strange because Charles had a high regard for his learning and diplomatic skill, as is shown by his employment of Lupus in delicate public business. Thus in 847 Lupus sat in the peace congress at Utrecht between Lothair, Louis and Charles the Bald. In midsummer 849 Charles sent him to Leo IV. at Home concerning the ecclesi astical encroachments of the Breton Duke Norninoi. In the spring of 853 he sat in the council of Soissons and took Hincmar's side regarding the deposition of those priests whom Ebo had ordained, after his own deposition in 835. In the same year he attended the convocation of the diocese of Sens and there sided with Prudentius against Hincmar's deliverances in the Gottschalk controversy. It is supposed that he was also at the council of Quiercy, 857, because his Admonitio2 is written in the spirit of the deliberations of that council respecting the troubles of the times. In 858 he was sent on diplomatic busi ness to Louis the German. But in the same year he was forced by the exigencies of the times to deposit the abbey's valuables with the monks of St. Germain Auxerrois for safe keeping. In
861 Foleric of Troyes offered protection to his monastery. In
862 he was at Pistes, and drew up the sentence of the council against Robert, archbishop of Mans. As after this date all trace of Lupus is lost, his death during that year is probable.
Servatus Lupus was one of the great scholars of the ninth century. But he gained knowledge under great difficulties, for the stress of circumstances drove him out of the seclusion he loved, and forced him to appear as a soldier, although he knew not how to fight, to write begging letters instead of pursuing his studies, and even to suffer imprisonment. Yet the love of learning which manifested itself in his childhood and increased with his years, notwithstanding the poor educational arrange-
t. 71, Migne, CXIX. col. 533. 2 It appears as Epist. 100 in Migne, ibid. col. 575.
738 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
merits at Ferrieres,1 became at length a master passion and domi nated his thoughts.2 It mattered not how pressing was the business in hand, he would not let business drive study out of his mind. He set before him the costly and laborious project of collecting a library of the Latin classics, and applied to all who could assist him, even to the pope (Benedict III.). He was thankful for the loan of codices, so that by compari son he might make a good text. He was constantly at work upon the classics and gives abundant evidence of the culture which such study produces, in his "uncommon skill in the lucid exposition of a subject." s
His WORKS are very few. Perhaps the horrible confusion of the period hindered authorship, or like many another scholar he may have shrunk from the labor and the after criticism. In his collected works the first place is occupied by his
1. Letters? one hundred and thirty in number. They prove the high position he occupied, for his correspondents are the greatest ecclesiastics of his day, such as Raban Maur, Hincmar of Rheims, Einhard, Radbert, Ratramn and Gottschalk. His letters are interesting and instructive.5
2. The Canons of Verneuil, 844.6 See above.
3. The Three Questions, in 8527 They relate to free will, the two-fold predestination, and whether Christ died for all men or only for the elect. It was his contribution to the Gottschalk con troversy in answer to Charles the Bald's request. In general he sides with Gottschalk, or rather follows Augustin. In tone and style the book is excellent.
* Epi*t. 1, ibid. col. 433. » Epist. 35, ibid. col. 502.
* Neander, vol. iii. p. 482. Ebert has a good passage on this point (1. e. p. 205-206). Also Mullinger, p. 165 sqq.
4 Epistolx, Migne, CXIX. col. 431-610.
6 " No other correspondence, for centuries, reveals such pleasant glimpses of a scholar's life, or better illustrates the difficulties which attended its pursuits.'* Mullinger p. 166.
6 Canones concilii in Verno, Migne, /. c. col. 611-620.
T Liber de tribus quxstionibus, ibid. col. 621-666.