78 G FOURTH PERIOD. A.D. 590-1049.
POTTHAST, I c. p. 100 ; C. BERTHEAU in Herzog2 1. 140 sqq. Of older notices see CEILLIEB, XIV. 201--206.
Among the historical writers of the eleventh century, Ro- DULFUS GLABER, and ADAM OF BREMEN deserve special men tion, the one for France, the other for the North of Europe.
RODULFUS GLABER1 was a native of Burgundy, sent to a convent in early youth by his uncle, and expelled for bad con duct ; but he reformed and joined the strict Benedictine school of Cluny. He lived a while in the monastery of St. Benignus, at Dijon, then at Cluny, and died about 1050.
His chief work is a history of his own time, from 1000-1045, in five books. Though written in barbarous Latin and full of inaccuracies, chronological blunders, and legendary miracles, it is an interesting and indispensable source of information, and gives vivid pictures of the corrupt morals of that period.2 He wrote also a biography of St. William, abbot of Dijon, who died 1031.3
ADAM OF BREMEN, a Saxon by birth, educated (probably) at Magdeburg, teacher and canon of the chapter at Bremen (1068), composed, between 1072 and 1076, a history of the Bishops of Hamburg-Bremen.4 This is the chief source for the oldest church history of North Germany and Scandinavia, from 788 to the death of Adalbert, who was archbishop of Bremen from 1045-1072. Adam drew from the written sources in the rich
1 *. e. Calvits, Kahlkopf, Baldhead. His proper name was Rodulfus or Radulphus. Ceillier (1. c. p. 143): " Rodulphe ou Raoul, surnomme Glaber pares qu'il etait chauve et sans poil"
2 This is the judgment of Waitz (Mon. Germ. VII. 49), and Giesebrecht (II. 567). Wattenbach (Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen, first ed., 1858, p. 322) calls it "ein Werk volt mcrkwurdiger Dinge, und mannigfach bdehrend, aber ohne festen Plan und chronologische Ordnung"
3 The Vita S. Guillelmi or Willdmi, in Migne, /. c. col. 701-720.
4 Hamburg was the original seat of the Northern episcopate, and remained so nominally, but owing to the constant irruptions of the Wends and Normans, it was transferred to Bremen.
I 182. ST. PETER DAMIANI. 787
library of the church at Bremen, and from oral traditions.1 He went to the Danish King Sven Estrithson, who "preserved the whole history of the barbarians in his memory as in a book." He is impartial and reliable, but negleets the chrono logy. He may almost be called the Herodotus of the North except for his want of simplicity. He was familiar with Vir gil, Horace, Lucian, and formed his style chiefly after Sallust; hence his artificial brevity and sententiousuess.2 He ranks with the first historians of the middle ages.3
§ 182. St. Peter Damiani.
I. Beati PETRI DAMIANI (S. /?. E. Cardinalis Episcopi Ostiensis Ordinis
S. Benedicti) Opera omnia in quatuor tomos distributa, studio et labore Domni Comtantini Cajetani (of Montecassino), first publ. Rom. 160G-'13; in Paris, 1G63; in Venice, 1783. Reprinted with Vita and Prolegomena in Migne's "Patrol. Lat," Tom. CXLIV. and CXLV. (1853). Tom. I. 1060 cols.; Tom. II. 1224 cols.
II. Three biographies of Damiani, one by his pupil, Joannes monachus,
who, however, only describes his monastic character. See Migne, 1.47-204. Ada Sanctorum (Holland.), for February 23, Tom. III. 406-427. Ada Sanctorum Ordinis S. Bened., Srec. VI. Also the Annales Ordinis S. Benedicti, ed. Mabillon, Tom. IV., lib. LVIIL- LXII. (which extend from A. D. 1039-1066, and notice the public acts of Damiani in chronological order).
III. JAC. LADERCHI: Vita S. Petri Damiani S. R. E. Cardinalis. Rom. 1702. 3 Tom. ALBR. VOGEL : Peter Damiani. Jena, 1856. Comp. his art. in Herzog2 III. 466 sqq. F. NEUKIRCH: Das Leben des Peter Dam. Gottingen, 1876. Jos. KLEINERMANNS (R. C.): Petrus Damiani in s. Leben und Wirken, nach den Quellen darcjestellt. Steyl, 1882. Comp. also CEILLIER, XIII. 296-324. NEANDER, III. 382,
1 Lappenberg gives a full account of all his sources.
8 Wattenbach (p. 254) : " Sein Vorbild ist bewilders Sallust, der in den Schulen vorzugsweive gelcsen umrde und darum auch einen iibergrossen Einfluss anf den Stil der Zeit iibte" He adds (p. 2^5): " Jede gewissenhafle Fomchung geftt auf Adam zuruck, und seine Autoritdt stand von Anfcing an mil Recht in hohem Ansehen."
3 Lappenberg (in Mon. Germ. VII. 267) : " Faucissimi sane sunt inter medii sevi historicos, qui rerum traditarum gravitate, perspicuitate, iudicii infjenwtate, fontium scriptorum cognitione, sermon urn ore, traditorum accurata perception* ita emineant, ut Adamus, magister scolarum Bremcnsit."