784 FOUETH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
come by his feelings, and adjured them with tears, never to depart from the path of truth and to strive with all might after that heavenly home.1
His ablest pupil was Berengar of Tours, the vigorous oppo nent of transubstantiation, and it has sometimes been conjectured that he derived his views from him.2 But Fulbert adhered to the traditional orthodoxy, and expressed himself against innova tions, in letters to his metropolitan, Leutherich, archbishop of Sens. He regarded the real presence as an object of faith and adoration rather than of curious speculation, but thought that it is not more difficult to believe in a transformation of substance by Divine power than in the creation of substance.3 He was a zealous worshipper of the saints, especially of the Virgin Mary, and one of the first who celebrated the festival of her Nativity.
The works of Fulbert consist of one hundred and thirty-nine (or 138) Letters, including some letters of his correspondents;4 nine Sermons;5 twenty-seven Hymns and Poems* and a few
1 Adelmann, one of his pupils, in a letter to Berengar, his fellow-student, reminded him of these memorable conversations, and warned him against error. See p. 554, and Neander, III. 502.
2 By Bishop Cosin (in his Hist. Transsubstantiationis], as quoted by Robert son, II. 607.
8 Up. V. (Migne, col. 201) : "Jam nunc ad illud Dominici corporis et sanguinis transeamus venerabile sacramentum. quod quidem tantum formidabile est ad loquendum: quantum non terrenum, sed cceleste est mysterium; non humanse sestimationi comparabile, sed admirabile ; non disputandum, sed metuendum. De quo silere potius sestimaveram quam temeraria disputatione indigne aliquid definire ; quia ccelestis altitudo my sterii plane non valet officio linguse corruptibilis exponi. Est enim mysterium fide non specie sestimandum, non visu corporeo, sed spiritu intuendum." Then towards the close of the same letter (col. 204) he says: "Si Deum omnia posse credis, et hoc consequitur ut credos; nee humanis disputationibus discernere curiosus insistes, si creaturas quas de nihilo potuit creare, has ipsas multo magis valeat in excellentioris naturse dignitatem converter e, et in sui corporis substantiam transfundere." The last phrase is nearly equivalent to transubstantiation.
4 EputolcR, Migne, I c. col. 189-278. Giesebrecht, Damberger, and Werner have analyzed and made much use of them.
* Sermones ad populum. Ibid. col. 317-340,
6 Hymni et carmina eccle&iastica. Ibid. col. 339-352. See above, g 96, p. 433.
\ 181. RODULFUS GLABER. ADAM OF BREMEN. 785
minor compositions, including probably a life of St. Autbcrt.1 His letters have considerable interest and importance for the history of his age. The longest and most important letter treats of three doctrines which he regarded as essential and fundamen tal, namely, the trinity, baptism, and the eucharist.2
From the school of Gerbert at Eheims proceeded the school of Fulbert at Chartres, and from this again the school of Berengar at Tours — all equally distinguished for popularity and efficiency,, They in turn were succeeded by the monastic school of Lanfranc at Bee, who came from Italy, labored in France, opposed Berengar, his rival, and completed his career in Eng land as archbishop of Canterbury. He was excelled by his pupil and successor, Anselm, the second Augustin, the father of Catholic scholasticism. With him began a new and impor tant chapter in the development of theology.
§ 181. Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen.
I. RODULFUS GLABER (Cluniacensis monachus) : Opera, in Migne, Tom.
CXLII. col. 611-720. The Historia sui temporis or Historia Francorum is also printed in part, with textual emendations by G. Waitz, in the Momim. Germ. Script,, ed. by Pertz, Tom. VII. 48-72, and the Vita Willelmi abbatis in Tom. IV. 655-658. Comp. CEILLIER : XIII. 143-147. WATTENBACH: Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen. POTT- HART: Biblioth. hist, medii ccvi, p. 521.
II. ABAMUS BREMENSIS: Gcsta Hammaburgensis ecclesice Pontificum, sen
Historia ecdesiastica. Libri IV. Best. ed. by Lappenberg in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, Tom. VII. 267-389. German translation by Laurent, with introduction by Lappenberg, Berlin, 1850 (in "Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit;" XI. Jabrli. B. VII.). In Migne, Tom. CXLVI. col. 433-566 (reprinted from Pertz).— Comp. GIESEBRECHT: Wendischc Geschichte, III. 316 sqq.; WATTENBACH: Deutschlands Gcschichtsquellen (first ed. p. 252 sqq.); KOPPMANN: Die mittelalterlichen Geschichtsquellen in Bezug an f Hamburg (1868);
1 Vita S. Autberti, Cameracensis episcopi. Ibid. col. 355-368.
2 Ep. V. (formerly Ep. 1, in Migne, col. 196 sqq.), De tribus quce sunt necessaria ad profectum Chriftiance religionis, from the year 1007, addressed to his metropolitan superior. See the extract on the eucharist above, p. 784, note 3.