§ 46. THE EMPIRE AND PAPACY AT PEACE. 203
this imperial family, through a century. Italy had been exposed for three generations and more to the sword, rapine, and urban strife. Europe was weary of the conflict. The German minnesingers and the chroniclers of England and the Continent were giving expression to the deep unrest. Partly as a result of the distraction bordering on anarchy, the Mongols were threatening to burst through the gates of Eastern Germany. It was an eventful time. Antioch, one of the last relics of the Crusaders in Asia Minor, fell back to the Mohammedans in 1268. Seven years earlier the Latin empire of Constantinople finally reverted to its rightful owners, the Greeks.
In the mighty duel which has been called by the last great Roman historian l the grandest spectacle of the ages, the em pire had been humbled to the dust. But ideas survive, and the principle of the sovereign right of the civil power within its own sphere has won its way in one form or another among European peoples and their descendants. And the fate of young Conradin was not forgotten. Three centuries later it played its part in the memories of the German nation, and through the pictures of his execution distributed in Martin Luther's writings contributed to strengthen the hand of the Protestant Reformer in his struggle with the papacy, which did not fail.
§ 46. The Umpire and Papacy at Peace. 1271-1294.
POPES. — Gregory X., 1271-1276 ; Innocent V., Jan. 21- June 22, 1276 ; Adrian V., July 12-Aug. 16, 1276 ; John XXI., 1276-1277 ; Nicolas III., 1277- 1280; Martin IV., 1281-1285; Honorius IV., 1285-1287; Nicolas IV., 1288-1292 ; Coelestin V., July 5-Dec. 13, 1294.
LITERATURE. — POTTHAST : Eegest., pp. 1651-1922. Les Eegistres de Gregoire X. et Jean XXL, 3 vols., Paris, 1892-1898, de Nicolas III., Paris, 1904, tf Honorius IV., Paris, 1886, de Nicolas IV., Paris, 1880. Lives of the above popes in MURATORI : Her. Ital. scr., vol. III. — MANSI : Councils, XXIV. — HEFELE, VI. 125 sqq. — TURINAAZ, La patrie et la famille de Pierre de Tarantaise, pape sous le nom d"1 Innocent V., Nancy,
1 Greg-orovius.
204 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1216-1294.
1882. — H. OTTO: Die BezieTiungen Rudolfs von Hapsburg zu Papst Greg or X,, Innsbruck, 1895. — A. DEMSKI : Papst Nicolas III., Minister, 1903, pp. 364. — R. STERNFELD : Der Kardinal Johann Ga'etan Orsini, Papst Nic. III., 1244-1277, Berlin, 1905, pp. 376. Reviewed at length by Hallerin " Theol. Literaturzeitung/' 1906, pp. 173-178. — H. FINKE : Concilienstudien zur Gesch. des ISten Jahrhunderts, Minister, 1891. — For Ccelestin V., FINKE : Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VI II., Miinster, 1902 ; H. SCHULZ, Peter von Murrhone, 1894 ; and CELIDOMO, Vita di S. Pietro del Morrone, 1896. — The articles on the above popes in Wetzer- Welte and Herzog (Gregory X., by MIIJIJT, Ccelestin V., Innocent V., Honorius IV., etc., by HANS SCHULZ). — The Histories of GREGOROVICS, RANKE, etc.
The death of Clement IV. was followed by the longest interregnum the papacy has known, lasting thirty-three months, Nov. 29. 1268, to Sept. 1, 1271. It was due largely to the conflict between the French and Italian parties in the conclave and was prolonged in spite of the stern measures taken by the municipality of Viterbo, where the election oc curred. Cardinals were even imprisoned. The new pope, Gregory X., archdeacon of Li£ge, was not an ordained priest. The news reached him at Acre while he was engaged in a pil grimage. A man of peaceful and conciliatory spirit, he is one of the two popes of the thirteenth century who have received canonization. Pursuing the policy of keeping the empire and the kingdom of Southern Italy apart, and setting aside the pretensions of Alfonso of Castile,1 he actively furthered the election of Rudolf of Hapsburg to the imperial throne.
The elevation of Rudolf inaugurated a period of peace in the relations of the papacy and the empire. Gregory X. had gained a brilliant victory. The emperor was crowned at Aachen, Oct. 24, 1273. The place of the Hohenstaufen was thus taken by the Austrian house of Hapsburg, which has continued to this day to be a reigning dynasty and loyal to the Catholic hierarchy. In the present century its power has been eclipsed by the Hohenzollern, whose original birth seat in Wiirttemberg is a short distance from that of
1 Richard, duke of Cornwall, had died April 2, 1272,