§ 47. LITERATURE ON THE CRUSADES AS A WHOLE. 213
THE FIRST CRUSADE.
SOURCES. — See Literature above. Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitorum by an anonymous writer who took part in the First Crusade, in Bongars and Secueil des Croisades. See above. Also Hagenmeyer's critical edition, Anonymi Gesta Francorum, Heidelberg, 1890. — ROBERTUS, a monk of Rheims: Hist. Hierosolymitana, in Bongars, Sec., and Migne, vol. 155. — BALDRICH, abp. of Dol : Hist. Hierosol., in Bongars, and Sec. — RAYMUND DE AGUILERS, chaplain to the count of Toulouse : Hist. Francorum, 1095-1099, in Bongars, Sec., and Migne, vol. 155. See CLEM. KLEIN : Saimund von Aguilers, Berlin, 1892. — FULCHER, chaplain to the count of Chartres and then to Baldwin, second king of Jerusalem : Gesta Francorum Jerusalem periyrinantium to 1125, in Bongars, Sec., and Migne, vol. 155. — GUIBERT, abbot of Nogent: Gesta Dei per Francos, to 1110, in Bongars, Sec., Migne, vol. 156. — ALBERTUS OF AACHEN (AQUENsis) : Hist. Hierosol. expeditionis, to 1121, in Bongars, Sec., Migne, vol. 166. See B. KUGLER: Albert von Aachen, Stuttgart, 1885. — WILLIAM OF TYRE, abp. of Tyre, d. after 1184: Hist, rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, Basel, 1549, under the title of belli sacri historia, in Bongars, Sec., Migne, vol. 201, Engl. trans, by WM. CAXTON, ed. by MARY N. COLVIN, London, 1893. — ANNA COMNENA (1083-1148) : Alexias, a biogr. of her father, the Greek emperor, Alexis I., in Sec., Migne, Pat. Graeca, vol. 131 ; also 2 vols. Leipzig, 1884, ed. by REIFFERSCHEID ; also in part in HAGENMEYER, Peter der Eremite, pp. 303-314. — EKKEHARD OF URACH: Hierosolymita sen libellus de oppressione, liberatione ac restauratione sanctae Hierosol., 1095-1187, in Sec., and Migne, vol. 154, and HAGENMEYER : Ekkehanfs Hierosolymita, Tubingen, 1877, also Das Verhdltniss der Gesta Francorum zu der Hiersol. Ekkehards in "Forschungen zur deutschen Gesch.,'1 Gottingen, 1875, pp. 21-42. — PETRUS TUDEBODUS, of the diocese of Poitiers : Hist, de Hierosolymitano itinere, 1095-1099, largely copied from the Gesta Francorum, in Migne, vol. 155, and Eecueil. — RADULPHUS CADOMENSIS (Raoul of Caen): Gesta Tancredi, 1099-1108, Migne, vol. 155, and Eecueil. — RIANT: Inventaire critique des lettres hist, des croisades, I., II., Paris, 1880. — H. HAGEN MEYER : Epistulce et chartce ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes quce supersunt, etc., 1088-1100, Innsbruck, 1901. See the translation of contemporary documents in Trans, and Seprints, etc., published by Department of History of Univ. of Penn., 1894.
The Poetry of the First Crusade : La Chanson d'Antioche, ed. by PAULIN PARIS, 2 vols. Paris, 1848. He dates the poem 1125-1138, and Nouvelle Etude sur la Chanson d'Antioche, Paris, 1878. — La Conquete de Jerusalem, ed. by C. HIPPEAU, Paris, 1868. — Suman du Chevalier au Cygne et Godefroi de Bouillon.
MODERN WORKS. — *H. VON SYBEL : Gesch. des ersten Kreuzzugs, Diisseldorf, 1841, 3d ed. Leipzig, 1900. The Introduction contains a valuable criti cal estimate of the contemporary accounts. Engl. trans, of the Introd. and four lectures by Sybel in 1858, under the title, The Hist, and Lit. of
2.14 THE MIDDLE AGES. A. I). 1049-1294.
the. Crusades, by LADY DUFF GORDON, London, 1861. — J. F. A. PEYRE : Hist. <ie la premiere croisade, Paris, 1859. — *HA.GENMEYER : Peter der Eremite, Leipzig, 1879 ; Chron. de la premiere croisade, 1094-1100, Paris, 1901. — ROHRICHT: Gesch. des ersten Kreuzzuges, Innsbruck, 1901. — F. CHALANDON : Essai sur le reyne d' Alexis I. Comnene, 1081-1118, Paris, 1900. — PAULOT : U)i pape FranQctis, Urbain If., Paris, 1902.— D. C. MUNRO: The Speech of Urban at Clermont, "Am. Hist. Rev." 1906, pp. 231-242. — Art. in Wetzer-Welte, by FUNK, Petrus von Amiens, vol. IX.
§ 48. Character and Causes of the Crusades.
'"O, holy Palmer ! ' she began.— For sure he must be sainted man Whose blessed feet have trod the ground Where the Redeemer's tomb is found."
— Marmion, V. 21.
THE Crusades were armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem under the banner of the cross. They form one of the most char acteristic chapters of the Middle Ages and have a romantic and sentimental, as well as a religious and military, interest. They were a sublime product of the Christian imagination, and constitute a chapter of rare interest in the history of humanity. They exhibit the muscular Christianity of the new nations of the West which were just emerging from barbarism and heathenism. They made religion subservient to war and war subservient to religion. They were a suc cession of tournaments between two continents and two religions, struggling for supremacy, — Europe and Asia, Christianity and Mohammedanism. Such a spectacle the world has never seen before nor since, and may never see again.1
These expeditions occupied the attention of Europe for more than two centuries, beginning with 1095. Yea, they continued to be the concern of the popes until the beginning of the sixteenth century. Columbus signed an agreement April 17, 1492, to devote the proceeds of his undertaking
1 Gibbon, who treats with scorn the Crusades as a useless exhibition of religious fanaticism, calls them the " world's debate," Ch. LIX.