§ 52. FALL OF EDESSA AND THE SECOND CRUSADE. 255
them, treacherously led them astray in the Cappadocian mountains.1 Famine, fever, and the attacks of the enemy were so disastrous that when the army fell back upon Nicsea, not more than one-tenth of its original number remained.
Louis received the oriflamme from Eugenius's own hands at St. Denis, Easter, 1147, and followed the same route taken by Konrad. His queen, Eleanor, famed for her beauty, and many ladies of the court accompanied the army. The two sovereigns met at Nicsea and proceeded together to Ephesus. Konrad returned to Constantinople by ship, and Louis, after reaching Attalia, left the body of his army to proceed by land, and sailed to Antioch.
At Antioch, Eleanor laid herself open to the serious charge of levity, if not to infidelity to her marriage vow. She and the king afterward publicly separated at Jerusalem, and later were divorced by the pope. Eleanor was then joined to Henry of Anjou, and later became the queen of Henry II. of England. Konrad, who reached Acre by ship from Con stantinople, met Louis at Jerusalem, and in company with Baldwin III. the two sovereigns from the West offered their devotions in the church of the Holy Sepulchre. At a council of the three held under the walls of Acre,2 they decided to direct their arms against Damascus before proceeding to the more distant Edessa. The route was by way of Lake Tiberias and over the Hermon. The siege ended in complete failure, owing to the disgraceful quarrels between the camps and the leaders, and the claim of Thierry, count of Flanders, who had been in the East twice before, to the city as his own. Konrad started back for Germany, September, 1148. Louis,
1 Bk. XVI. 20. William suggests that Manuel's jealousy was aroused because Konrad asserted the title, king of the Romans. Diehl, Essays on the Crusades, p. 107, doubts the statement that Manuel's guides intentionally misled and betrayed the Germans. He, however, acknowledges that Greek inhabitants of Asia Minor "fleeced or starved the Latins."
2 William of Tyre, XVII., gives a list of the distinguished personages present, Bishop Otto of Freising, the emperor's brother, being among them.
256 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
after spending the winter in Jerusalem, broke away the following spring. Bernard felt the humiliation of the failure keenly, and apologized for it by ascribing it to the judgment of God for the sins of the Crusaders and of the Christian world. "The judgments of the Lord are just," he wrote, " but this one is an abyss so deep that I dare to pronounce him blessed who is not scandalized by it."1 As for the charge that he was responsible for the expedition, Bernard exclaimed, " Was Moses to blame, in the wilderness, who promised to lead the children of Israel to the Promised Land ? Was it not rather the sins of the people which interrupted the progress of their journey ? "
Edessa remained lost to the Crusaders, and Damascus never fell into their power.
§ 53. The Third Crusade. 1189-1192.
For Richard I. : Itinerariumperigrinorum et gesta regisfiicardi, ed. by Stubbs, London, 1864, Rolls Series, formerly ascribed to Geoffrey de Vinsauf, but, since Stubbs, to Richard de Templo or left anonymous. Trans, in Chronicles of the Crusades, Bohn's Libr., 1870. The author accom panied the Crusade. — DE HOVEDEN, ed. by Stubbs, 4 vols., London, 1868- 1871 ; Engl. trans, by Riley, vol. II. pp. 63-270. — GIRALDUS CAMBREXsis : Itinerarium Cambrics, ed. by Brewer and Dimock, London, 7 vols. 1861-1877, vol. VI., trans, by R. C. HOARE, London, 1806. —RICHARD DE DEVIZES: Chronicon de rebus gestis Bicardi, etc., London, 1838, trans, in Bohn's Chron. of the Crusades. — ROGER WENDOVEK. — DE JOIN- VILLE: Cruxa.de of /St. Louis, trans, in Chron. of the Crus.
For full list of authorities on Richard see art. Itichard by ARCHER in Diet, of Nat. Biog. — G. P. R. JAMES: Hist, of the Life of E. Cceur de Lion, new ed. 2 vols. London, 1854. — T. A. ARCHKR: The Crusade of Itichard I., being a collation of Richard de Devizes, etc., London, 1868. — GRUHN: Der Kreuzzug Eichard I., Berlin, 1892.
For Frederick Barbarossa : ANSBERT, an eye-witness : Hist, de expeditions Frid., 1187-1196, ed. by Jos. Dobrowsky, Prague, 1827. — For other sources, see WATTEXBACII: Deutsche GeschichtsqueUen, II. 303 sqq., and POTTHAST: fiibl. Hist., II. 1014, 1045, etc. — KARL FISCHER: Gesch. des Kreuzzucjs Fried. /., Leipzig, 1870. — H. PRUTZ : Kaiser Fried. I., 3 vols. Dantzig, 1871-1873. — VON RAUMBR: Gesch. der Hohenstaufen, vol. II. 5th ed. Leipzig, 1878. — GIESEBRECHT: Deutsche Kaiserzeit, vol. V.
1 De consideratione, II. 1.