§ 60. THE MILITARY ORDERS. 307
to bed are the work the German knights do."1 In 1511 the margrave, Albrecht of Brandenburg, was made grand master and refused to be a vassal of Poland. Following the counsel of Luther, he laid down the mantle and cross of the order, married 1523, and laid the foundation of the greatness of the duchy of Prussia, which he made hereditary in his family, the Hohenzollern.2 The black eagle passed to the Prussian coat of arms.3
1 Kleider aits, Kleider an, Essen, Trinken, Schlafengehen, ist die Arbeit so die Deutsche Herren han.
2 Luther in 1523 wrote a tract calling upon the Teutonic knights to abandon their false rule of celibacy and to practise the true chastity of marriage. Ermahnung an die Herren Deutschen Ordens falsche Keuschheitzu meiden und zur rechten ehelichen Keuschheit zu greifen. Albrecht introduced the Lutheran reformation into Brandenburg. He married the Danish princess Dorothea.
8 Several orders combining military and religious vows existed in Spain and Portugal and did service against the Moors. The order of lago of Campostella received the papal sanction in 1175 and protected pilgrims to the shrine of Campostella. The order of Calatrava received papal approval 1164, and took an active part in the struggle against the Moors. The order of Alcantara was recognized by Lucius III., 1183. The headship of the last two bodies was transferred to the crown under Ferdinand the Catholic.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE MONASTIC ORDERS.
§ 61. The Revival of Monasticism.
LITERATURE. — The Letters of ANSELM, BERNARD, PETER THE VENERABLE, WILLIAM OF THIERRY, HILDEGARD, etc. — AB.ELARD: Hist, calamitatum, his autobiography, Migne, 178. — HONORIUS OF AUTUN : De vita claustrali, Migne, 172, 1247 sqq. — BERNARD: De conversione ad clericos sermo, in Migne, 182, 853-59, and Deprcecepto et dispensatione, 851-053. — The Treatments of THOMAS AQUINAS, DUNS SCOTUS, etc., in their Summas. — PETRUS VENERABLIS : De miraculis, in Migne, 189. — C.ESAR OF HEISTERBACH (ab. 1240) : Dialogus Miraculorum, ed. by J. Strange, 2 vols. Col. 1851. Excerpts in German trans, by A. KAUF- MANN, 2 parts, Col. 1888 sq. — THOS. \ CHANTIMPRE (d. about 1270) : Bonum universale de apibus, a comparison of a convent to a beehive. Excerpts in German by A. KAUFMANN, Col. 1899 ; Annales monastici, ed. by LUARD, 5 vols. London, 1865-69. — JACOBUS DE VORAGINE : Legenda aurea, English by W. CAXTON (about 1470), Temple classics ed. 7 vols. London, 1890. — WILLIAM OF ST. AMOUR (d. 1272) : De periculis novissorum temporum in Denifle Chartularium Univ., Paris, vol.1. The Lives of ANSELM, BERNARD, WILLIAM OF THIERRY, FRANCIS, DOMINIC, NORBERT, etc. — H. HELYOT (Franciscan, d. 1716) : Hist, des ordres monastiques, religieux et militaires et des congregations seculieres de Pune et de Vautre sexe qui ont ete etablies jusqu1 apresent, 8 vols. Paris, 1714-19; Germ, trans., 8 vols. Leip. 1753-5(5. He gives a long list of the older authorities. — MRS. JAMIESON : Legends of the Monastic Orders, London, 1850. — A. BUTLER: Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, 12 vols. Dublin, 1868 sqq. — SIR WILLIAM DUGDALE: Monasticon anglicanum, ed.by J. CALEY, etc., 8 vols. London, 1846. Based on the ed. of 1817. — T. D. FOSBROKE : Brit. Monasticism, or Manners and Customs of the Monks and Nuns of England, London, 1803, 3d ed. 1845. — MONTALEMBERT : Les mains d' Occident depuis St. Benoit jusqu' a St. Bernard, Paris, 1860-77 ; Engl. trans., 7 vols. London, 1861 sqq. — O. T. HILL: Engl. Monasticism, Its Rise and In fluence, London, 1867. — S. R. MAITLAND : The Dark Ages, ed. by FRED. STOKES, 5th ed., London, 1890. — WISHART : Short Hist, of Monks and Monasticism, Trenton, 1900. — E. L. TAUNTON : The Engl. Black Monks of St. Benedict, 2 vols. London, 1897. — A. GASQUET : Engl. Monastic Life, London, 1904, and since. — HURTER : Innocent in., vol.