§ 60. THE MILITARY ORDERS. 303
vicled into three classes: the knights who were of noble birth, the men at arms or serving brethren (fratres servientes, armigeri), and chaplains who were directly amenable to the pope. The dress of the knights was a white mantle with a red cross, of the serving brethren a dark habit with a red cross. The knights cropped their hair short and allowed their beards to grow. They were limited to three horses, except the grand master who was allowed four, and were forbidden to hunt except the lion, the symbol of the devil, who goes about seeking whom he may devour.1 The order had for its motto " not unto us, not unto us, but unto Thy name, O Lord, give the glory."2 The members in cloister observed the regular conventual hours for prayer, and ate at a common table. If money was found in the effects of a deceased brother, his body was denied all prayer and funeral services and placed in unconsecrated ground like a slave.3 They were bidden to flee from the kisses of women and never to kiss a widow, virgin, mother, sister, or any other female.4 On acount of their poverty, two ate from the same dish, but each had his own portion of wine to himself.6
The head of the order was called Grand Master, was granted the rank of a prince, and included in the invita tions to the oecumenical councils, as, for example, the Fourth Lateran and the second council of Lyons. The Master of the Temple in England was a baron with seat in Parliament.
The Templars took part in all the Crusades except the first and the crusade of Frederick II., from which they held aloof on account of the papal prohibition. Their discipline was conspicuous on the disastrous march of the French from
1 With reference to 1 Pet. 5 : 8, Curzon, 58.
2 Non nobis, Domine, non nobis sed tuo nomini da gloriam.
3 Curzon, XXVII.
4 Fugiat femince oscula Christi militia, Mansi, XXI. 72 ; also Schniirer, 153.
5 Schniirer, Rule XL p. 138.
304 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
Laodicea to Attalia and their valor at the battle of Hattim, before Gaza1 and on many other fields.2 The order degener ated with riches and success.3 To drink like a Templar, lib ere templariter, became proverbial for fast living. Their seal, representing the two founders entering Jerusalem in poverty on one horse, early came to misrepresent their real possessions.
A famous passage in the history of Richard of England set forth the reputation the Templars had for pride. When Fulke of Neuilly was preaching the Third Crusade, he told Richard he had three daughters and called upon him to pro vide for them in marriage. The king exclaimed, " Liar, I have no daughters." " Nay, thou hast three evil daughters, Pride, Lust, and Luxury," was the priest's reply. Turning to his courtiers, Richard retorted, " He bids me marry my three daughters. Well, so be it. To the Templars, I give my first-born, Pride, to the Cistercians my second-born, Lust? and to the prelates the third, Luxury."4
1 M. Paris, Luard's ed., IV. 337 sqq., gives the letters from the patriarch of Jerusalem and the vice-master of the Temple, 1244. This chronicler is very severe upon the Templars for their arrogant pride and their jealous ri valry of the Hospitallers. An example of this jealousy was their refusal to accompany King Amalric to Egypt because to the Hospitallers had been assigned first place.
2 Among their fortresses was the castle Pilgrim near Acre, built 1218, whose great size and splendor are described by James de Vitry.
3 The houses of the order became important money centres in France and England in the thirteenth century, and furnished to kings, bishops, and nobles a safety-deposit for funds and treasures of plate, jewels, and important records. Henry III. and other English kings borrowed from them, as did also French kings. The Templars also acted as disbursers for monies loaned by Italian bankers or as trustees for other monies, as, for example, the annual grant of one thousand marks promised by John to his sister-in-law, Berengaria. John frequently stopped at the house of the Templars in London. See Cunningham, Growth of English Industries and Commerce, 3d ed. Leopold Delisle, Les operations financier es des Templiers, Paris, 1889. Eleanor Ferris. Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown, in " Am. Hist. Rev.," October, 1902.
4 Charasson, quoting Richard de Hoveden, Vie de Foulques de Neuilly., 89 sq.