§ 66. AUGUSTINIANS, CAKTHUSIANS, CARMELITES. 361
together by a sheep's bell. With others like-minded with himself he settled, 1119, in the woods at Coucy, near Laon, France, giving the spot the name of Prsemonstratum, or Premontre, the designated field,1 with reference to his having been directed to it by a higher power. The order secured papal sanction 1126, and received, like other orders, special papal privileges. Innocent III. bespoke the special interces sion of the Premonstrants as he did that of the Cistercians. The first rule forbade meat and eggs, cheese and milk. As in the case of the Cistercians, their meals were limited to two dishes. At a later date the rule against meat was modi fied. Lay brethren were introduced and expected to do the work of the kitchen and other manual services. The theo logical instruction was confined to a few prayers, and the members were not allowed to read books.2
Norbert in 1126 was made archbishop of Magdeburg and welcomed the opportunity to introduce the order in North eastern Germany. He joined Bernard in supporting Inno cent II. against the antipope Anacletus II. He died 1134, at Magdeburg, and was canonized in 1582. Peter the Ven erable and Bernard of Clairvaux praised the order and Nor bert himself as a man who stood near to God.3 Miracles were ascribed to him, but Abselard ridiculed the claim.
The almost incredible number of one thousand houses is claimed for this order in its flourishing period. There was also an order of Premonstrant nuns, which is said to have numbered ten thousand women during Norbert's lifetime.4 Their earliest settlement in England was at Newhouse, Lin colnshire, 1143. Norbert and Bruno, the Carthusian, were the only Germans who established monastic orders in this period.5
1 Pratum monstratum. 8 Bernard, Sermon, XXII. ; Ep,, 56.
2 Hurter, IV. 206. * See Hurter, IV. 208.
5 In England there were more than thirty Premonstrant convents at the suppression of the monasteries. Bayham and Easley are their best preserved abbeys.
362 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
3. More original and strict were the Carthusians,1 who got their name from the seat of their first convent, Char treuse, Cartusium, fourteen miles from Grenoble, southeast of Lyons. They were hermits, and practised an asceticism excelling in severity any of the other orders of the time.2 The founder, St. Bruno, was born in Cologne, and became chancellor of the cathedral of Rheims. Disgusted with the vanities of the world,3 he retired with some of his pupils to a solitary place, Saisse Fontaine, in the diocese of Langres, which he subsequently exchanged for Chartreuse.4 The location was a wild spot in the mountains, difficult of access, and for a large part of the year buried in snow. Bruno was called by Urban II. to Rome, and after acting as papal ad viser, retired to the Calabrian Mountains and established a house. There he dit5d, 1101. He was canonized 1514. In 1151 the number of Carthusian houses was fourteen, and
1 Consuetudines Car thus lenses, printed among Bruno's Works in Migne, 153, 051-759. Peter Dorland, Chronicon Carthuslance, Col. 1608. For literature see Wetzer-Welte, art. Karthauser. VII. 203, and the art. Bruno, vol. II. 1356-63. Bruno's Works in Migne, 152, 153. In his Coin, on the Romans he anticipates Luther by inserting sola, "alone" in Rom. 3: 28, " a man is justified by faith alone, without the works of the law." See Dr. Fr. Duesterdieck, Studien u. Kritiken, 1903, p. 506.
- The device of the order is a globe surmounted by a lion with the motto Stat crux dam volvitur orbis, "The cross stands while the globe turns."
3 The following legend was invented to account for Bruno's decision. In 1082 he was present at the mortuary services over Raymond, canon of Notre Dame, Paris. When the words were said, " Quantas habes iniquitates et peccata ?" " how many sins and iniquities hast thou ? " the dead man rose up and replied, "justo dei judicio accusatus sum," " I am accused by the just judgment of God." The next day at the repetition of the words, the dead rose again and exclaimed, "justo dei judicio judicatus sum," " lam judged by the just judgment of God." The third day the dead man rose for the third time and cried out, "justo dei judicio condemnatus sum," " I am condemned by the just judgment of God." This incident was inserted into the Roman Breviary, but removed by order of Urban VIII., 1631. Hergenrother says the legend is still defended by the Carthusians. Kirchenr/esch., II. 353.
4 Peter the Venerable says of a visit to Chartreuse, Ep., VI. 24, inaccessibiles pene nimbus et ylacie aUissimas rupes non abhorrui, " I shrank not back from the high rocks made inaccessible by snow and ice." Hurter's description, IV. 150, makes the location attractive.