§ 69. FRANCISCAN LITERATURE. 389
when the great teacher Gerson, in a public sermon, enumer ated as the four persecutors of the Church, tyrants, heretics, antichrist, and the Mendicants.1
§ 69. Franciscan Literature.
I. ST. FRANCIS: WORKS in Latin text, ed. by WADDING, Antwerp, 1623, by DE LA HATE, Paris, 1841, Col., 1849, Paris, 1880-Quaracchi, 1904. — BERNARDO DA FIVIZZANO : Oposcoli di S. Fr. d'Assise, Florence, 1880. Gives the Latin text and Ital. trans., the Rule of 1223, St. Francis' will, letters, etc. — French trans, by ED. D'ALENOON : Les Opuscules de 8. Francois, Paris, 1905. — H. BOEHMER : Analekten znr Gesch. des Franc, von Assist, Francisci opuscula, regula pcenitentium, etc., mit einer Einleitung, Tubingen, 1904. — Writings of St. Francis of Assist, trans, by FATHER PASCHAL ROBINSON, Phil., 1906.
LIVES. — 1. THOMAS OF CELANO : Vita prima, written 1228 at the command of Gregory IX., to justify the canonization of Francis, Rome, 1880. — 2. TH. OP CELANO: Vita secunda, written about 1247 and re vealing the struggles within the Franciscan order, ed. by FIVIZZANO, Rome, 1880. Both lives ed. by H. G. ROSEDALE : Thomas de Celano, St. F. d' Assist with a crit. Introd. containing a description with every extant version in the original Latin, N.Y., 1904. Also ED. D'ALEN£ON : Th. a Celano, S. Franc. Assisiensis vita et miracula, etc., pp. Ixxxvii, 481, Rome, 1906. — Fr. of Assist according to Th. of Celano. His de scriptions of the Seraphic Father, 1229-1257, Introd. by H. G. ROSEDALE, Lond., 1904. — 3. Legenda trium sociorum, the Legend of the Three Companions, Leo, Angelo, and Rufino, intimate associates of Francis. Written in 1246 and first publ. in full by the Bollandists as an appendix to Celano's Lives, Louvaine, 1768, Rome, 1880. It has been preserved in a mutilated condition. The disputes within the order account for the expurgation of parts to suit the lax or papal wing. — 4. Speculum perfectionis sen S. Francesci Assisiensis legenda antiquissima, auctore fratre Leone, nunc primum edidit, PAUL SABATIER, Paris, 1898; also ed. by ED. LEMMENS, Quaracchi, 1901. Sabatier dates it 1227. Eng. trans, by CONSTANCE, Countess de la Warr, Lond., 1902. See note below. — 5. Legenda major, or Aurea legenda major, by BONAVENTURA, in Peltier's ed., and Quaracchi, 1898, Engl. trans., Douai, 1610, and by Miss LOCKHART with Pref. by Card. Manning, Lond., 3d ed., 1889.
1 Matthew Paris in his re'sume' of the chief events of 1200-1250 has this to say of the decay of the orders, "These Preachers and Minorites at first led the life of poverty and greatest sanctity and devoted themselves assiduously to preaching, confessions, divine duties in the church, reading and study, and abandoned many revenues, embracing voluntary poverty in the service of God and reserving nothing in the way of food for themselves for the morrow, but within a few years, they got themselves into excellent condition and con structed most costly houses, etc." Luard's ed., V. 194.
890 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
Written in obedience to the order of the Franciscan Chapter and approved by it at Pisa, 1263. Here the legendary element is greatly enlarged. Once treated as the chief authority, it is now relegated to a subordinate place, as it suppresses the distinctive element repre sented by Francis' will. — 6. Liber conformitatum, by BARTHOLOMEW ALBERICUS of Pisa, d. 1401. Institutes forty comparisons between Francis and Christ. Luther called it der Barfussm'onche Eulenspiegel und Alkoran, The owls' looking-glass and Koran of the Barefoot monks. — 7. Actus B. Frameset et sociorum ejus, ed. SABATIER, Paris, 1902. A collection of sayings and acts of Francis, handed down from eye witnesses and others, hitherto unpubl. and to be dated not later than 1328. — 8. Lef/enda of JULIAN OF SPIRES. About 1230. — 9. Legendaof BERNARD OF HESS, publ. in the Analecta Franciscana III., Quaracchi, near Florence. A compilation. — 10. Francisci beati sacrum commercinm cum domina paupertate, with an Ital. trans, by ED. D'ALENQON, Rome, 1900. Engl. trans., The Lady Poverty, by MONTGOMERY CARMI- CIIAEL, N.Y., 1902. Goes back, at least, to the 13th century, as Ubertino da Casale was acquainted with it. — 11. The Fioretti, or Little Flowers of St. Francis, first publ., 1476, ed. SABATIER, Paris, 1902, pp. xvi., 250. Engl. trans, by ABBV L. ALGER, Boston, 1887, and WOODROFFE, London, 1905. Belongs to the 14th century. A collection of legends very popular in Italy. Sabatier says none of them are genuine, but that they perfectly reveal the soul of St. Francis. — 12. Fratris Fr. Bartholi de Assisio Tractatus de indulgentia S. Marice de Portiuncula, ed. SABATIER, Paris, 1900. Belongs to the 14th century. See Lit.-zeitung, 1901, 110 sqq. — 13. Eegula antiqua fratrum et sororum de pcenitentia sen tertii ordinis S. Francisci, mine primum ed., SABATIER, Paris, 1901. See S. MINOCCHI : La Leggenda antica. Nuova fonte biogr. di S. Fran cesco d'Assisi tratto da un codice Vaticana, Florence, 1905, pp. 184. Unfavorably noticed by LEMPP, in Lit.-zeitung, 1906, p. 509, who says that the contents of the MS. were for the most part drawn from the Speculum perfectionis.
MODERN BIOGRAPHIES. — By CHAVIN DE MALAN, Paris, 1841, 2d ed., 1845. — K. HASE, Leip. 1856, 2d ed., 1892. First crit. biog. — MRS. OLIPHANT, Loud., 1870. — MAGLIANO, 2 vols., Rome, 1874, Eng. trans., N.Y., 1887. —L. DE CHERANCE, Paris, 1892, Engl. trans., 1901. —HENRY THODE, Berlin, 1885, 1904. — * PAUL SABATIER, a Protestant pastor : Vie de S. Francois d'Assise, Paris, 1894. 33d ed., 1906. Crowned by the French Academy. Engl. trans, by L. S. HOUGHTON, N.Y., 1894. I use the 27th ed. — W. J. KNOX-LITTLE, Lond., 1896. — P. DOKEAU, Paris, 1903, p. 648. —A. BARINE : S. Fr. d'Assisi f-t le legende des trois Compagnons, Paris, 1901. — J. HERKLESS : Francis and Dominic, N.Y., 1904. — H. v. REDERN, Schwerin, 1905. — * G. SCHNURER : Franz von Assisi. Die Vertiefnng des religiosen Lebens im Abendlande zur Zeit der Kreuzzuge, Munich, 1905. — NINO TAMAS- SIA : S. Francesco d' Assisi e la sua leggenda, Padua, 1906, p. 216. — F. VAN ORTROY : Julie n de Spire, biographe de St. Francois,