§ 69. FRANCISCAN LITERATURE. 391
Brussels, 1890. — J. E. WEIS : Julian von Speier, d. 1285, Munich, 1900.
— ED. LEMPP : Frere Elie de Cortona, Paris, 1901. — H. TILEMANN : Speculum perfectionis und Legenda trium sociorum, Ein Beitrag zur Qitellenkritik der Gesch. des hi, Franz, von Assist, Leip. 1902. — POTT- HAST : Bibl. Hist., II. 1319 sqq. gives a list of ninety biographies. For further lit. see ZOCKLER in Herzog, VI. 197-222, and " Engl. Hist. Rev." 1903, 155 sqq., for a list and critical estimate of the lit., W. GOETZ : Die Quellen zur Gesch. des hi. Franz von Assisi, Gotha, 1904. First published in Brieger's Zeitschrift and reviewed in Lit.-zeitung, 1905, pp. 8-10.
II. THE FRANCISCANS: Earliest Chronicles. — JORDANUS DA GIANO : de primitivontm fratrum in Teutoniam missorum conversations et vita memorabilia, for the years 1207-1238, in Analecta Franciscana, pp. 1-19.
— THOMAS OF ECCLESTON, a Franciscan : de adventu Minorum in Angliam, 1224-1250 in the Analecta Franciscana and best in Monumenta Franciscana, ed. by J. S. BREWER, with valuable Preface, London, 1858, Engl. trans, by Cuthbert, London, 1903. The volume also contains the Letters of Adam de Marisco, etc.; vol. II., ed. by RICHARD HOWLETT, with Preface, contains fragments of Eccleston and other English docu ments bearing on the Franciscans. — Analecta Franciscana sive chronica aliaque documenta ad historiam Minorum spectantia, Quaracchi, 1885.
— Bullarium Franciscanum sive Momanorum pontificum constitutiones, epistolce, diplomata, etc., vols. I. -IV., Rome, 1759, ed. by J. H. SBARA- GLEA and Rossi, vols. V., VII., Rome, 1898-1904, ed. by CONRAD EUBEL; the collection extends to 1378. — JSeraphicce legationis textus originales, Quaracchi, 1897, containing the Rule of 1223 and other documents. — LUKE WADDING: Annales Minorum, 1 vols., Lyons, 1625-1648, the most valuable history of the order. — DENIFLB and EHRLE give valuable materials and criticisms in Archiv fur Lit. und Kirchengeschichte d. Mittelalters, vol. I. 145 sqq. ; 509-569, III. 553 sqq. ; VI. 1 sqq., Berlin, 1885-1891. — KARL MULLER : Die Anfdnge des Minoriten-ordens und der Bussbruderschaften, Freib., 1885. — A. G. LITTLE: The Greyfriars in Oxford, Oxford, 1891. — EUBEL : Die avignonesische Obedienz der Mendikanten-Orden, etc., zur Zeit des grossen Schismas beleuchtet durch die von Clement VII. und Benedict XIII. an dieselben gerichteten Schreiben, Paderborn, 1900. — PIERRE MADONNET : Les origines de Vordre de poenitentia, Freib., 1898; also Les regies et le gouvernement de r ordre de pcenitentia au XIII* siecle (1212-1234), Paris, 1902. — F. X. SEPPELT: Der Kampf der Bettelorden an der Universitdt Paris in der Mitte des ISten Jahrh. Heiligenstadt, 1892. — F. GLASER: Die franziskanische Bewegung. Ein Beitrag zur Gesch. sozialer Beformideen im Mittelalter, Stuttg., 1903. — H. FELDER : Gesch. der wissenschaftlichen Studien im Franziskanerorden bis c. 1250, Freib., 1904, pp.557. RICARD ST. CLARA: St. Claire d'Assise, Paris, 1895. — E. WAUER : Entstehung und Ausbreitung des K larissenordens besonders in deutschen Minoritenprovinzen, Leip., 1906. —E. KNOTH: Ubertino da Casale, Marburg, 1903.
— E. JACOB: Johannes von Capistrano, Die auf der kgl. und Univ.
392 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-12'JJ.
Bibliothek zu Breslau befindlichen handschriftlichen Aufzeichnunyen von Eedcn und Tractaten Capistrans, etc., 2 Parts, Breslau, 1903-1905. — L. DE CIIERANCE: St. Antoine de Padoue, Paris, 1906. — HELYOT: Eelicj. Orders, VII. 1-421. — LEA: Hist, of the Inquisition, I. 242- 304. — M. CREIGHTON : The Coming of the Friars, in Lectures and Addresses, pp. 69-84. — A. JESSOPP : The Coming of the Friars. — STE VENSON : Life of Grosseteste, London, 1899, pp. 59-87. — HAUCK, IV. 366-483.
Note on the recent literature on St. Francis. — A phenomenal impulse was given to the study of the life of St. Francis by the publication of Sabatier's biography in 1894. This biography, Karl Mtiller placed " at the summit of modern historical workmanship." Lit.-zeitung, 1895, pp. 179- 186. It showed a mastery of the literature before unknown and a pro found sympathy with the spirit of the Italian saint. It has revolutionized the opinion of Protestants in regard to him, and has given to the world a correct picture of the real Francis. Strange that a Protestant pastor should have proved himself the leading modern student of Francis and one of his most devoted admirers ! Sabatier has followed up his first work with tireless investigations into the early literature and history of St. Francis and the Franciscans, giving up his pastorate, making tour after tour to Italy, and spending much time in Assisi, where he is held in high esteem, and is pointed out as one of the chief sights of the place. He has been fortunate in his discoveries of documents and, as an editor, he has created a new Franciscan literature. His enthusiasm and labors have stimulated a number of scholars in Germany, Italy, and Switzerland to make a specialty of the early Fran ciscan literature such as Minocchi, Madonnet, Mtiller, Leinpp, and Schniirer. His Life of St. Francis has been put on the Index because it is said to mis represent Catholic customs.
While Sabatier's presentation of Francis' career and character may be said to have gained general acceptance, except among Franciscans, there is a large difference of opinion in regard to the dates of the early documents and their original contents. This literary aspect of the subject has become greatly complicated by the publication of manuscripts which differ widely from one another and the divergent criticisms of scholars. This confusion has been likened by Mtiller, Lit.-zeitung, 1902, p. 593, and Lempp, Lit.zeitung, 1906, p. 509, to a thicket through which it is almost impossible to see a path. The confusion grows out of the determined policy of Gregory IX. and the conventual wing of the early Franciscans to destroy all materials which show that Francis was opposed to a strict discipline within the order and insisted upon the rule of absolute poverty. The Franciscan chapter of 1264 ordered all biographies of Francis, written up to that time, destroyed, except the biography by Bonaventura. St. Francis' insistence upon the rule of absolute poverty, the original Rule, and his will, were to be utterly effaced. The new study, introduced by the clear eye of Sabatier, has gone back of this date, 1264, and rescued the portrait of the real Francis.
The attention of scholars is chiefly concentrated on the Speculum perfectionis published by Sabatier, 1898, and the original Rule of the Franciscan