§ 72. ST. DOMINIC' AND THE DOMINICANS. 4] 9
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§ 72. St. Dominic and the Dominicans.
LITERATURE. — The earliest Life by JORDANUS, Dominic's successor as head of the order : de principiis ordinis prcedicatorum in QUETIF-ECHARD, who gives five other early biographies (Bartholomew of Trent, 1244-1251, Humbert de Romanis, 1250, etc.), and ed. by J. J. BERTHIER, Freib., i. Schw., 1892. — H. D. LACORDAIRE, d. 1861 : Vie de 8. Dominique, Paris, 1840, 8th ed. 1882. Also Hist. Studies of the Order of S. Dom. 1170- 1221, Engl. trans., N.Y., 1869. — E. CARO: 8. Dom. et les Dominicains, Paris, 1853. — A. T. DRAXE : Hist, of St. Dom., Founder of the Friar Preachers, London, 1891. — BALME ET LELAIDIER : Cartulaire ou hist, diplomatique de S. Dom., Paris, 1892. — J. GUIRAUD: S. Dom., Paris, 2d ed., 1899. —For titles of about thirty lives, see Potthast, II. 1272. — QUETIF-ECHARD : Script, ord. Prcedicatorum, 2 vols. Paris, 1719- 1721. — RIPOLL AND BERMOND : Bullarium ord. Prced., 8 vols. Rome, 1737 sqq. — MAMACHI: Annal. ord. Prced., Rome, 1756. — Monumenta ord. fratrum Prced. hist., ed. by B. M. REICHERT, Louvaine and Rome, 10 vols., 1897-1901. Vol. III. gives the acts of the general chapters of the order, 1220-1303. — A. DANZAS : Etudes sur les temps primitifs de Vordre de S. Dom., Paris, 1873-1885.— * DEN IFLB : Die Constitutionen des Predigerordens vom Jahre 1228, and Die Constitutional des Eaymunds von Penaforte 1238-1241 in Archiv fur Lit. und Kirchengesch., 1885, pp. 165-227 and 1889, 530-565. — HE LYOT : Bel. Orders.— LEA : Hist, of Inquisition, I. 242-304, etc. Wetzer-Welte, art. Dominicus, III. 1931-1945. — W. LESCHER : St. Dominic and the Rosary, Lon don, 1902. — H. HOLZAPFEL : S. Dom. und der Rosenkranz, Munich, 1903.
The Spaniard, Dominic, founder of the order of preachers, usually called the Dominicans,1 lacks the genial personal element of the saint of Assisi, and his career has little to correspond to the romantic features of his contemporary's career. Dominic was of resolute purpose, zealous for propa gating the orthodox faith, and devoted to the Church and hierarchy. His influence has been through the organization he created, and not through his personal experiences and con tact with the people of his age. This accounts for the small number of biographies of him as compared with the large number of Francis.
Domingo, or Dominic, was born 1170 at Calaroga, Spain, and died Aug. 6, 1^21, in Bologna.2 His mother, Juana of
1 Ordo prcedicatorum, fratres prcedicatores, or simply prcedicatores, as in the papal bulls and the constitutions of the order.
2 His descent from the noble family of Guzman has been disputed by the Bollandists.
420 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
Aza, is worshipped as a saint in the Dominican ritual. At seven the son passed under the priestly instruction of an uncle. Ten years were subsequently spent at Palencia in the study of philosophy and theology, and he is said to have excelled as a student. About 1195, he was made canon at Osma, which gives its name to the episcopal diocese, within whose bounds he was born. In 1203 he accompanied his bishop, Diego d'Azeveda, to France l on a mission to secure a bride for. the son of Alfonzo VIII. of Castile. This and subsequent journeys across the Pyrenees brought him into contact with the Albigenses and the legates despatched by Innocent III. to take measures to suppress heresy in Southern France. Dominic threw himself into the movement for sup pressing heresy and started upon a tour of preaching. At Prouille in the diocese of Toulouse, he erected an asylum for girls to offset the schools established by the Albigenses, for the training of the daughters of impoverished noblemen. He was on intimate terms with Simon de Montfort, but, so far as is known, he took no active part in the Albigensian crusade except as a spiritual adviser.2 His attempt to estab lish a mission for the conversion of heretics received the sup port of Fulke, bishop of Toulouse, who in 1215 granted him one-sixth of the tithes of his diocese. Among the first to ally themselves to Dominic was Peter Cellani, a citizen of Toulouse, who gave him a house.
An epoch in Dominic's career was his visit in Rome during the sessions of the Fourth Lateran Council, when he received encouragement from Innocent III. who declined to assent to the proposal of a new order and bade him adopt one of the existing monastic constitutions.3 Dominic chose the rule of the canons regular of St. Augustine,4 adopted the black dress
1 Jordanus says, they went ad Marchias, which probably refers to the domain of Hugo of Lusignan, Count de la Marche, and not to Denmark, as often represented.
2 The bull canonizing Dominic says, hvereticos caritative ad pcenitentiam et conversionem fidei hortabatur, he affectionately exhorted heretics to return to the faith. 3 potthast, I. 436.
4 See Denifle, Archiv, 1885, p. 169, who says that Dominic took as the basis of his rule the rule of the Premonstrants and insists that his followers