§ 72. ST. DOMINIC AND THE DOMINICANS. 425
heretics, while pope and emperor, enthroned and surrounded by counsellors, look on with satisfaction at the scene. It was in connection with his effort to exterminate heresy that Dominic founded, in 1220, the " soldiery of Christ," com posed of men and women, married and unmarried. Later, the order called itself the Brothers and Sisters of Penitence, or the Third Order, or Tertiaries of St. Dominic. As was the case with the Franciscan Tertiaries, some of them lived a conventual life.
The rosary also had a prominent place in the history of the Dominicans. An untrustworthy tradition assigns to Dominic its first use. During the crusades against the Albigenses, Mary, so the story runs, appeared to Dominic, and bade him use the rosary as a means for the conversion of the heretics. It consists of fifteen pater nosters and one hun dred and fifty ave Marias, told off in beads. The Domini cans early became devotees of the rosary, but soon had rivals in the Carmelites for the honor of being the first to introduce it. The notorious Dominican inquisitor and hunter of witches, Jacob Sprenger, founded the first confra ternity of the rosary. Pius V. ascribed the victory of Lepanto, 1571, to its use. In recent times Pius IX. and Leo XIII. have been ardent devotees of the rosary. Leo, in his encyclical of Sept. 1, 1883, ascribed its introduction to " the great Dominic, as a balm for the wounds of his con temporaries." This encyclical represents Mary as "placed on the highest summit of power and glory in heaven . . . who is to be besought that, by her intercession, her devout Son may be appeased and softened as to the evils which afflict us."1
1 Leo commended the rosary in repeated encyclicals, Aug. 30,1884, 1891, etc., coupling plenary indulgence for sin with its use. He also ordered the title regina sanctissimi rosarii, "queen of the most holy rosary," inserted into the liturgy of Loreto. On the history of the rosary, see Lea, Hist, of Auric. Cow/., III. 484 sqq., and especially the dissertation St. Dominikus und der Rosenkranz, by the Franciscan, Heribert Holzapfel. This writer declares, point blank, that the rosary was not invented nor propagated by Dominic. There is no reference to it in the original Constitution of 1228, which contains detailed prescriptions concerning prayer and the worship of the Virgin, nor
426 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1040-1294.
Leo XIII. paid highest honor to the Dominicans when he pronounced Thomas Aquinas the authoritative teacher of Catholic theology and morals, and the patron of Catholic schools.
in any of the eighteen biographical notices of the thirteenth century. Holzapfel makes the statement, p. 12, that the entire thirteenth and fourteenth centuries know nothing of any association whatsoever of St. Dominic with the rosary. Sixtus IV., 1478, was the first pope to commend the rosary; but Sixtus does not associate it with the name of Dominic. Such association began with Leo X. What has become of the author of this bold denial of the distinct statement of Leo XIII. in his encyclical of ten years before, September, 1883, I do not know. Ilolzapfel distinctly asserts his oppo sition to the papal deliverances on the rosary, when he says, p. 37, " High as the regard is in which the Catholic holds the authority of Peter's suc cessors in religious things, he must be equally on his guard against extending that authority to every possible question." Perhaps Father Holzapfel's pamphlet points to the existence of a remainder of the hot feeling which used to exist between the Thomists and Scotists.
CHAPTER IX.
MISSIONS. § 73. Literature and General Survey.
LITERATURE: I. FOR NORTHEASTERN GERMANY. — H. HAHN : Gesch. d. kathoL Mission, 5 vols., Col., 1857-1865. — G. F. MACLEAR : Hist, of Christ. Mis sions during the M. A., London, 1803. — C. A. H. KALKAR : Gesch. d. rom.-kathol. Mission, German trans., Erlang., 1867. — Tir. SMITH: Med. Missions, Edinburg, 1880. — P. TSCHACKERT : Einfuhrung d. Christenthums in Preussen, in Herzog, IX. 25 sqq. — Lives of Otto of Bamberg by EBO and HERBORD (contemporaries) in Jaff^ ; Bibl. Eerum Germanic. , Berlin, 1869, vol. V. trans, in Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorze.it, Leipzig, 1869. — Otto's Letters in Migne, vol. 173. — Mod. Lives by F. X. SULZBECK, Regensb., 1865, and J. A. ZIMMERMANN, Freib. im Br., 1875. —For copious lit. see POTTIIAST : Bibl. Hist., II. 1504 sq. — For VICELINUS, see Chronica Slavorum Helmodi (a friend of Vicelinus), ed. by PERTZ, Hann., 1868. Trans, by WATTENBACH in Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Leipzig, 1888. — WINTER: Die Pramonstratenser d. 12ten Jahrhunderts und ihre Bedeutung fur das nordostl. Deutschland. Ein Beitrag zur Gesch. der Christianisirung und Germanisirung des Wendenlandes, Leipzig, 1865. Also Die Cisterzienser des nordostl. Deutschlands,3vo\s.,Gotha, 1868. — E. O. SCHULZE : D. Kolonisierung und Germanisirung der Gebiete zw. Saale und Elbe, Leipzig, 1896. — EDMUND KRAUSCH : Kirchengesch. der Wendenlande, Paderb., 1902. — HAUCK: 111.69-150,623-655. — RANKE : Weltgesch., VIII. 455-480.— The arts. ALBERT OF RIGA, OTTO VON BAMBERG, VICELINUS, and WENDEN in Wetzer-Welte and Herzog. See Lit. under Teutonic Knights, p. 296.
II. FOR THE MOHAMMEDANS. — Works on FRANCIS D'Assisi, see §69. — For RAYMUNDUS LCLLUS: Beati Eaymundi Lulli doctoris illuminati et martyrisopera, ed. by JOHNSALZINGER, Mainz, 1721-1742, lOvols. (VII., X. want ing). His Ars magna (opera quce ad artem universalem pertinent), Strassburg, 1598. Last ed., 1651. Recent ed. of his Poems Obras rimadas, Palma, 1859. For the ed., of Raymund's works publ. at Palma but not completed see Wetzer-Welte, Eaim. Lullus, X. 747-749. — Lives by PER- ROQUET,Vendome, 1667; Low, Halle, 1830. — * A. HELFFERICH: R.Lullund die Anfdnge der Catalonischen Literatur, Berlin, 1858 ; W. BRAMBACII, Karlsr., 1893; ANDRE, Paris, 1900.— *S. M. ZWEMER: EaymundLull, Firnt Missionary to the Moslems, New York, 1902. — LEA : Hist, of the Inqvin. , III. 563-590. —RE use H: Der Index, etc., I. 26-33. — ZOCKLER, in Her zog, XI. 706-716.