§137. THE AGE PASSING JUDGMENT UPON ITSELF. 895
with the most pessimistic philosophy of our times. Innocent III., in his Disdain of the World, — De contempts mundi, — poured out a lamentation, lugubrious enough for the most desolate and forsaken. Anselm dilates under the same title, and Hugo of St. Victor l carries on the plaint in his Vanity of the World — De vanitate mundi. Walter Map wrote on the world's misery — de mundi miseria, declaring that the world was near its destruction, that justice was exiled from society and the worship of Christ was coming to an end.
Exulat justitia, cessat Christi cultus.
The most famous of the longer poems of the period repeats Innocent's title, and its author, Bernard of Cluny, is most severe upon the corruption in church and society. The poem starts in the minor key.
The last times, the worst times are here, watch.
Behold the Judge, supreme, is at hand with His wrath.
He is here, He is here. He will terminate the evils. He will
reward the just.
Hora novissima, tempora pessima sunt, vigilemus Ecce minaciter, imminet arbiter ille suprernus. Imminet, imminet, et mala terminet, cequa coronet.
The greater Bernard of Clairvaux exclaimed, "Oh! that I might, before dying, see the Church of God led back to the ideal of her early days. Then the nets were cast, not to catch gold and silver, but to save souls. The perilous times are not impending. They are here. Violence prevails on the earth." 2
The Englishman, Adam Marsh, writing to Grosseteste, spoke of " these most damnable times," his diebus damnatissimis.3 Edmund of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury, dying in exile at Potigny, exclaimed, " I have lived too long, for I see all things going to ruin; Lord God receive my soul." 4 Roger Bacon found rottenness and decay everywhere, and he agreed with other moralists of his day, in making the clergy chiefly responsible for the prevailing corruption. The whole clergy,
' * Migne, 168. 705 sqq., 176. 703-739. 2 Ep., 238, to Eugenius, Migne, 182. 430. De consid. I. 10. 8 Mon. Franc., Ep. XXVI. p. 11(5. * Creigliton, Hist. Lectures, p. 132.
896 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
he says, "is given to pride, avarice, and self-indulgence. Where clergymen are gathered together, as at Paris and Ox ford, their quarrels and strife, and their vices are a scandal to laymen."1
With a similar lament Hildebrand, at the opening of the period, took up the duties of the papacy.
The prophet Joachim looked for a new dispensation as the only relief.
The real greatness of this period lies not in its relative moral and religious perfection, as compared with our own, but in a certain imposing grandeur of conception and of faith, as shown in the Crusades, the cathedrals, the Scholastic sys tems, and even the mistaken ideal of papal supremacy. Its in stitutions were not in a settled condition, and its religious life was not characterized by repose. A tremendous struggle was going on. The surface was troubled, and there was a mighty undercurrent of restlessness. It would be an un gracious and a foolish thing for this generation, the heir of twice as many centuries of Christian schooling as were the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, to boast as though Christian charity and morality and devotion to high aims had waited until now to manifest themselves. The Middle Ages, from 1050 to 1300, offer a spectacle of stirring devotion to religious aims in thought and conduct.
1 Brewer's ed., pp. 399 eqq.
INDEX OF NAMES AND TOPICS
[The authors of the more important works mentioned in the lists of liter ature are included in this table. In the body of this volume Konrad is some times spelled Conrad ; Matilda, Mathilda, and Eugenius III., Eugene III.]
Aaron of Lincoln, 451.
Abselard, 98, 99; on miracles, 354; Pet. de Bruys, 482; schools, 538, 588, 590, 609 sqq. ; studies, 610; cathedral schools, 611; personal traits, 611; and HeUoise, 612 sqq.; letters, 615 ; at Genevieve, 616 ; the Trinity, 616 sqq. ; tried at Sens, 617 ; and Bernard, 617 sqq. ; con demned, 618; death, 619; Pet. Yen. on, 620; theol., 620; philos., 622; source of authority, 622 sq. ; atone ment, 625; sin, 626; a "Pagan," 626, 644 sqq. ; the sacraments, 702 ; on marriage, 748.
Abbott, 122, 142, 145.
Abrahams, 442.
Absalom of Lund, 798.
Absolution, 730, 734 ; a pcena et culpa, 736, 741.
Accidents, 716.
Acre, 204 ; evacuated, 207 ; residence of patr. of Jerus., 247; fell, 249; distance to Marseilles, 258 ; be sieged by Richd., 261, 265; St. Louis there, 284 ; lost, 286 sq., 300 ; St. Francis in, 433.
Adam of St. Victor, 861.
Adams, G. B., 290.
Adamson, 693.
Ad exstirpanda, 523, 888.
Adhemar, 229; Gibbon on, 234; death, 237, 240.
Adrian IV., 106 sqq. ; Gregorovius on, 109.
Adrian V., 205.
Alanus of Auxerre, 342.
Alanus ab Insulis, 459, 494, 502, 635 sq. ; on Mary, 833 ; on preaching, 853, etc.
Albanenses, 474.
Albers, 330, 337.
Albert of Aachen, 213/226, 231, 233, 242.
Albertus Magnus, 653 sqq. ; Leo XIII. on, 653, 654; acquaintance with nature, 555 ; writings, 656 ; 011 demons, 658; Mary, 659 sq., 832 sq. ; the pope, 659, 713; sin, 751; the devil, 881, 886.
Albigenses, crusades against, 507 sqq. ;
Csesar of Heisterb. on cruelty of,
511; 4th Lat. on, 513; end of, 514. Aldinger, 190. Alencon, 389.
Alexander II., 21, 24, 40, 86, 536. Alexander III., 110 sqq., in France, 112;
returns to Rome, 117; and Becket,
130, 136. Alexander IV., 200; and August.
Rule, 359; against Gerardo, 378;
and the Mendicants, 387 ; on Paris
Univ., 569. Alexander of Hales, 588, 651 sqq.;
on penance, 731 ; withdrawal of
the cup, 717 ; indulgences, 739 ;
fund of merit, 740 ; purgatory, 742 ;
the dark arts, 880. Alexis, St., 494. Alexius Comnenus, 224. Alphandery, 458, etc. Amalric, kg. of Jerus., 250. Amalric, of Bema, 176, 486. Anacletus II., 94 sqq. Ariagni, 117, 185. Anastasius IV., 106. Anathema of Henry IV., 50; Otto
IV., 163; Phil. Aug., 164; Fredk.
II., 184, 185, 191, 194, 196; Hospi tallers exempt, 299; Pontius of
Cluny, 333.
Ancient Observance, 367. Angels, 657 sq. ; Th. Aq. on, 669;
Bonavent. on, 681. Angelus bell, 843. Anna Comnena, 213, 233, 243. Annates, 787 sq.
Anonymous of Passau, 459, 469, 502. Ansbert, 256.
Anselm of Baggio (Alex. II.), 12. Anselm of Canterbury on celibacy, 43,
84 ; and Wm. Rufus, 87 sqq. ; leaves
Engl., 90; on monasticism, 315, 318;
school discipline, 542 sq., 598 sqq. ;
at Bee, 599; abp. of Cant., 599;
writings, 600 ; philos. principle, 600 ;
God's existence, 601 sqq. ; the
atonement, 604 sqq.; mysticism,
607; withdrawal of the cup, 717;
sin, 753, 863.
3 M