4 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
allowed herself to accept and propagate. It had not the original genius or the conviction to produce a new system of theology. The great Schoolmen continued to rule doctrinal thought. It established no new ecclesiastical institution of an abiding character like the canon law. It exhibited no consuming passion such as went out in the preceding period in the crusades and the activity of the Mendicant Orders. It had no transcendent ecclesiastical characters like St. Bernard and Innocent III. The last period of the Middle Ages was a period of intellectual discontent, of self-introspection, a period of intimation and of preparation for an order which it was itself not capable of begetting.
CHAPTER I.
THE DECLINE OF THE PAPACY AND THE AVIGNON EXILE.
A.D. 1294-1377.
§ 2. Sources and Literature.
Tor works covering the entire period, see V. 1. 1-3, such as the collections of Mansi, Muratori, and the Eolls Series ; Friedberg's Decretum Gratiani, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1879-1881; Hefele-Knopfler : Conciliengeschichte ; Mirbt : Qxiellen zur Geschichte des Fapstthums, 2d ed., 1901 ; the works of Gregorovius and Bryce, the General Church and Doctrinal Histories of GiESELER, Hefele, Fdnk, Hergenrother-Kirsch, Karl Muller, Harnack, Loofs, and Seeberg ; the Encyclopaedias of Herzog, Wetzer- Welte, Leslie Stephen, Potthast, and Chevalier ; the Atlases of F, W. PuTZGER, Leipzig, Hedssi and Mulert, Tubingen, 1905, and Labberton, New York. L. Pastor: Geschichte der Papste, etc., 4 vols., 4th ed., 1901- 1906, and Mandell Creightox : History of the Papacy, etc., London, 1882- 1894, also cover the entire period in the body of their works and their Introductory Chapters. There is no general collection of ecclesiastical authors for this period corresponding to Migne's Latin Patrology.
For §§ 3, 4. Boniface VIII. Regesta Bonifatii in Potthast : Begesta pontificum rom., II., 1923-2024, 2133 sq. — Les Begistres de Boniface VIII., ed. DiGARD, Faucon et Thomas, 7 Fasc, Paris, 1884-1903. — Hist, eccles. of Ptolemaeus of Lucca, Vitce Ponlif, of Bernardus Guidonis, Chron. Pontif. of Amalricus Auger, Hist, rerum in Italia gestarum of Ferretus Vicentinus, and Chronica universale of Villani, all in Muratori : Berum Ital. Scriptores, in. 670 sqq., X. 690 sqq., XL 1202 sqq., XIIL 3i8 sqq. — Selections from Villani, trans, by Rose E. Selfe, ed. by P. H. Wicksteed, Westminster, 1897. — Finke: Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII., Munster, 1902. Prints valuable documents, pp. i-ccxi. Also Acta Aragonensia. Quellen . . . zur Kirchen und Kulturgeschichte aus der diplomatischen Korrespondenz Jayme II., 1291-1327, 2 vols., Berlin, 1908. — Dollinger : Beitrage zur politischen, kirchlichen und Culturgeschichte der letzten 6 Jahrh., 3 vols., Vienna, 1862- 1882. Vol. IIL , pp. 347-353, contains a Life of Boniface drawn from the Chronicle of Orvieto by an eye-witness, and other documents. — Denifle : Die Denkschriften der Colonna gegen Bonifaz VIII., etc., in Archiv fur Lit. und Kirchengeschichte des M.A., 1892, V. 493 sqq. — Dante : Inferno, XIX. 52 sqq., XXVII. 85 sqq. ; Paradiso, IX. 132, XXVII. 22, XXX. 147. Modern Works. — J. Rubeus : Bonif. VIII. e familia Cajetanorum, Rome, 1661. Magnifies Boniface as an ideal pope. — P. Dupuy : Hist, du differend entre le Pape Bon. it Philip le Bel, Paris, 1655. — Baillet (a Jansenist) : Hist, des desmelez dti Pnpe Bon. VIII. avec Philip le .BeZ,. Paris, 1718. —
6 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
L. TosTi : Storia di Bon. VIII. e de' snoi tempi, 2 vols., Rome, 184G. A gloritication of Boniface. — W. Drumann: Gesch. BoniJ'atius VJIL, 2 vols., Konigsberg, 1852. — Cardinal Wiseman : Pope Bon. VIII. in his Essays, III. 161-222. Apologetic. — Boltaric : La France sous Philippe le Bel, Paris, 1861. — R. IIdi-tzmaxn : W.von Nogaret, Freiburg, 1898. — E. Renan: Guil. de Nogaret, in Hist. Litt. de France, XXVII. 233 sq. ; also Etudes sur la politique rel. du regne de Phil, le Bel, Paris, 1899. — Dollinger : Anagni in Akad. Vortrdge, III. 223-244. — Heinrich Finke (prof, in Freiburg): as above. Also Papsttum nnd Untcrgang dcs Tempelordens, 2 vols., Miinster, 1907. — J. IIai.lek: Papsttum und Kirr.henreform, Berlin, 1903. — Rich. SciiOLz: Die Puhlizistik zur Zeit Philipps des Schonen uiid Bonifaz VIII., Stuttgart, 1903. — The Ch. Histt. ol Gieseler, Hergenruthek-Kirsch, 4th ed., 1904, II. 582-598, F. X, Funk, 4th ed., 1902, Hefele, 3d ed., 1902, K. MLiLLER, IIefele-Knopfler : Conciliengeschichte, VI. 281-364. — Ranke : Univers. Hist., IX. — Gregorovius : History of the City of Borne, V. — Wattenhach: Gesch. des rom. Papstthums, 2d ed., Berlin, 1876, pp. 211-225.
G. B. Adams: Civilization during the Middle Ages, New York, 1894, ch.
XIV. —Art. Bonifatius hy Hauck in Herzog, III. 291-300.
For § 5. Literary Attacks upon the Papacy. Dante Allighierj : De monorchia, ed. by Witte, Vienna, 1874; Giuliani, Florence, 1878; MooRE, Oxford, 1894. Eng. trans, by F. C. Church, together with the essay on Dante by his father, R. W. Church, London, 1878 ; P. H. Wicksteed, Hull, 1896 ; Aurelia Henry, Boston, 1904. — Dante's Demonarchia, Valla's De falsa donations Constantini, and other anti-papal documents are given in De jurisdictione, auctoritate et prceeminentia imperiali, Basel, 1506. Many of the tracts called forth by the struggle between Boniface VIII. and Philip IV. are found in Melchior Goldast : Monarchia S. liomani imperii, sive tractatus de jurisdictione imperiali seu regia et pontificia seu sacerdotali, etc., Hanover, 1610, pp. 756, Frankfurt, 1668. With a preface dedicated to the elector, John Sigisinund of Brandenburg; in Dupuy: Hist, du Differend, etc., Paris, 1655, and in Finke and Scholz. See above. — E. Zeck: De recupcratione terrce Sanctce, Ein Traktat d. P. Didwis, Berlin, 1906. For summary and criticism, S. Riezler : Die literarischen Widersacher der Pdp.'^te zur Zeit Ludioig des Baiers, pp. 131-155. Leipzig, 1874. — R. L. Poole : Opposition to the Temporal Claims of the Papacy, in his Illustrations of the Hist, of Med. Thought, pp. 256-281, London, 1884. — Finke : Ansden Tagen Bonifaz VIII., pp. 159 sqq., etc. — Denifle : Chartidarium Un. Parisiensis, 4 vols. — Haller: Papsttum. — Artt. in Wetzer-Welte, Colonna, III. 667-671, and Johann von Paris, VI. 1744-1746, etc. —Renan: Pierre Dubois in Hist. Litt. de France, XXVI. 471-536. — IIergenrother-Kirsch : Kirchengesch., II. 754 sqq.
For §6. Transfer of the Papacy to Avignon. Benedict XL: liegistre de Benoit XL, ed. C. Grandjean. —For Clement V., Clementis papa; V. regestum ed. cura et studio monachorum ord. S. Benedicti, 9 vols., Rome, 1885-1892. — Etienne Baluze: Vitce paparum Avenonieiuiium 1S05-1394, dedicated to Louis XIV. and placed on the Index, 2 vols., Paris, 1093. Raynaldus: ad annum, 1304 sqq., for original documents. — W. H. Bliss: Calendar of Entries in the Papal liegistries relating to Great Britain and