§ 3. POPE BONIFACE VIII. 1294-1303. 9
et le patronat Iciique mi moy. age, Paris, 1906. Also the work on Canon Law by T. Hinschius, 6 vols., Berlin, 1869-1897, and E. Friedberg, 5th ed., Leipzig, 1903.
For § 10. Later Avignon Popes. Lettres des papes of Avignon se rapportant a la France, viz. Lettres communes de Benoit XII., ed. J. M. ViDAL, Paris, 1905 ; Lettres closes, patentes et cur tales, ed. G. Daumet, Paris, 1890; Lettres . . . de Clement VI., ed. E. Deprez, Paris, 1901 ; Excerpta ex registr. de Clem. VI. et Inn. VI., ed. Weruxsky, Innsbruck, 1885 ; Lettres . . . de Pape Urbain V., ed. P. Lecacheux, Paris, 1902. — J. H. Albans : Actes anciens et documents concernant le bienheureux Urbain V., ed. by U. Chevalier, Paris, 1897. Contains the fourteen early lives of Urban. — Baluze : Vitce papartim Avenionensium, 1693 j — Muratori : in Ber. ital. scripp, XIV. 9-728. — Cerri : Innocenzo VI., papa, Turin, 1873. Magnan : Hist, d^ Urbain V., 2d ed., Paris, 1863. — Werunsky : Oesch. Karls IV. u. seiner Zeit, 3 vols., Innsbruck, 1880-1892. — Geo. Schmidt : Der hist. Werth der 14 alten Biographien des Urban V., Breslau, 1907. — Kirsch : Buckkehr der Plipste, as above. In large part, documents for the first time published. — Lechner: Das grosse Sterbenin Deutschland, 134-8-1351, 1884. — C. Creighton : Hist, of Epidemics in England, Cambridge, 1891. F. A. Gasquet: The Great Pestilence, London, 1893, 2d ed., entitled The Black Death, 1908. — A, Jessopp: The Black Death in East Anglia in Coming of the Friars, pp. 166-261. — Villani, Wattenbach, p. 226 sqq. ; Pastor, I., Gregorovius, VI. — WuRM : Cardinal Albornoz, Paderborn, 1892.
For § 11. The Re-establishment of the Papacy in Rome. The Lives of Gregory XI. in Baluz, I. 425 sqq., and Muratori, III. 2, 645. — Kirsch : Buckkehr, etc., as above. — Leon Mirot : La politique pontif. et le retour du S. Siege a Bome, 1376, Paris, 1899. — F. Hammerich: St. Brigitta, die nordische Prophetin u. Ordenstifterin, Germ, ed., Gotha, 1872. For further lit. on St. Brigitta, see Herzog, III. 239. For works on Catherine of Siena, see ch. III. Also Gieseler, II., 3, pp. 1-131; Pastor, I. 101-114; Gregorovius, VI. Lit. under § 10.
§ 3. Pom Boniface VIIL. 1294-1303.
The pious but weak and incapable hermit of Murrhone, Coelestine v., who abdicated the papal office, was followed by Beng; diet GaetaiU) — or Cajetan, the name of an ancient family of Latin counts, — known in history as Boniface VHI- At the time of his election he was on the verge of fourscore,^ but like Gregory IX. he was still in the full vigor of a strong intellect
1 Drumann, p. 4, Gregorovius, etc. Setting aside the testimony of the contemporary Ferretus of Vicenza, and on the ground that it would be well-nigh impossible for a man of Boniface's talent to remain in an inferior position till he was sixty, when he was made cardinal, Finke, p. 3 sq., makes Boniface fifteen years younger when he assumed the papacy.
10 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
and will. If Ccelestine had the reputation of a saint, Boniface was a politician, overbearing, implacable, destitute of spiritual ideals, and controlledbx blind and insatiable lust of power. ~^orn at Anagjiii, Boniface probably studied canon lavvV in which he was an expert, in_RoniJB.^ He was made cardinal in 1281, and represented the papal see in France and England as legate. In an address at a council in Paris, assembled to arrange for a new crusade, he reminded the mendicant monks that he and they were called not to court glory or learning, but to secure the salvation of their souls. ^
Boniface's election as pope occurred at Castel Nuovo, near Naples, Dec. 24, 1294, the conclave having convened the day before. The election was not popular, and a few days later, when a report reached Naples that Boniface was dead, the people celebrated the event with great jubilation. Thepontifi" was accompanied on his way to Rome by Charles II. of Naples. ^
The coronation was celebrated amid festivities of unusual splendor. On his way to the Lateran, Boniface rode on a white palfrey, a crown on his head, and robed in full pontificals. Two sovereigns walked by his side, the kings of Naples and Hungary. The Orsini, the Colonna, the Savelli, the Conti and representatives of other noble Roman families followed in a body. The procession had difficulty in forcing its way tli rough the kneeling crowds of spectators. But, as if an omen of the coming misfortunes of the new pope, a furious storm burst over the city while the solemnities were in progress and extinguished every lamp and torch in the church. The following day the pope dined in the Lateran, the two kings waiting behind his chair.
While these brilliant ceremonies were going on, Peter of Murrhone was a fugitive. Not willing to risk the possible rivalry of -an anti-pope, Boniface confined his unfortunate
^ Not at Paris, as Bulseus, without sufficient authority, states. See Finke, p. 6.
2 Finke discovered this document and gives it pp. iii-vii.
8 There is no doubt about the manifestation of popular joy over the rumor of the pope's death. Finke, p. 45. At the announcement of the election, the people are said to have cried out, " Boniface is a heretic, bad all through, and has in him nothing that is Christian."'