§ 11. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PAPACY IN HOME. 113
^hrong^s. In the procession were bands of buffoons who added to the interest of the spectacle and afforded pastime to the populace. The pope abode in the Vatican and, _from that time till this day, it has continued to be the papal residence.
Gregory survived his entrance into the Eternal City a single j^ear. , He spent the warmer months in Anagni, where he must have had mixed feelings as he recalled the experiences of his predecessor Boniface VIII., which had been the immediate cause of the transfer of the papal residence to French soil. The atrocities practised at Cesena by Cardinal Robert cast a dark shadow over the events of the year. An uprising of the inhabitants inconsequence of the brutality of his Breton troops drove them and the cardinal to seek refuge in the citadel. Hawkwood was called in, and, in spite of the cardinal's pacific assurances, the mercenaries fell upon the defenceless people and committed a butchery wliose shocking details made the ears of all Italy to tingle. Four thousand were put to death, including friars in their churches, and still other thousands were sent forth naked and cold to find what refuge they could in neighboring towns. But, in spite of this barbarity, the pope's authority was acknowledged by an enlarging circle of Italian commonwealths, including Bologna. Florence, even, sued for peace.
When Gregory died, March 27, 1378, he was only 47 years old. By his request, his body was laid to rest in S. Maria Nuova on the Forum. In his last hours, he is said to have regretted having given his ear to the voice of Catherine of Siena, and he admonished the cardinals not to listen to prophecies as he had done.i Nevertheless, the monument erected to Gregory at Rome two hundred years later is true to histor}^ in representing Catherine of Siena walking at the pope's side as if conducting him back to Rome. The Babylonian captivity of the papacy had lasted nearly three-quarters of a century. The wonder is that with the pope virtually a vassal of
1 So Gerson, Be exaniinatione doctrinarum, I. 16, as quoted by Gieseler, ut caverent ah hominibus sive viris sive mulieribus, sub specie religionis loquentibus visiones . . . quia per tales ipse reductus. See Pastor, I. 113.
I
114 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
France, Western Christendom remained united. Scarcely anything in history seems more unnatural than the voluntary residence of the popes in the commonplace town on the Rlione remote from the burial-place of the Apostles and from the centres of European life.
CHAPTER 11.
THE PAPAL SCHISM AND THE REFORMATORY COUNCILS.
1378-1449.
§ 12. Sources and Literature.
For §§ 13, 14. The Papal Schism. — Grig, documents in Raynaldus : Annal. eccles. — C. E. Bul^us, d. 1678 : Hist, univer. Parisiensis, 6 vols., Paris, 1065-1673, vol. IV. — Van der Hardt, see § 15. — H. Denifle and A. Chatelain: Chartul. universitatis Paris., 4 vols., Paris, 1889-1897, vols. III., IV,, especially the part headed de schismate, III. 552-639. — Theoderich of Nie- HEiM (Niem) : de Schismate inter papas et antipapas, Basel, 1566, ed. by Geo, Erler, Leipzig, 1890. Nieheim, b. near Paderborn, d. 1417, had exceptional opportunities for observing the progress of events. He was papal secretary — notarius sacri palatii — at Avignon, went with Gregory XI. to Rome, was there at the breaking out of the schism, and held oflBcial positions under three of the popes of the Roman line. In 1408 he joined the Livorno cardinals, and supported Alexander V. and John XXIII. — See H. V, Sauer- LAND : D. Leben d. Dietrich von Nieheim nehst einer Uehersicht uher dessen Schriften, Gottingen, 1875, and G. Erler : Dietr. von Nieheim, sein Leben u. s. Schriften, Leipzig, 1887. — Adam of Usk : Chronicon, 1377-1421, 2d ed. by E. M. Thompson, with Engl, trans., London, 1904. — Martin de Alpartils : Chronica actitatorum temporibus Domini Benedicti XIII. ed, Fr. Ehrle, S.J., vol. I., Paderborn, 1906. — Wyclif's writings, Lives of Boniface IX. and Innocent VII, in Muratori, III, 2, pp. 830 sqq., !)f)8 sq. — P. DupuY : Hist, du schisme 1378-1420, Paris, 1664. — P, L. Maimbocrg (Jesuit): Hist, du grand schisme (V Occident, Paris, 1678. — Ehrle : Neue Materialien zur Gesch. Peters von Luna (Benedict Xin.), in Archiv fur Lit. tmd Kirchengesch., VI. 139 sqq., VII, 1 sqq, — L, Gayet : Le grand schisme d' Occident, 2 vols., Florence and Berlin, 1889. —C, Locke: Age of the Great Western Schism, New York, 1896, — Paul Van Dyke : Age of the Benascence, an Outline of the Hist, of the Papacy, 1377-1527, New York, 1897, —L, Salembier : Le grand schisme d' Occident, Paris, 1900, 3d ed,, 1907. Engl, trans., London, 1907. — N. Valois : La France et le grand schisme d' Occident, 4 vols., Paris, 1896-1901. — E. GoELLER : Konig SigismtuuV s Kirchenpolitik vom Tode Bonifaz IX. bis zur Berufung d. Konstanzer Concils, Freiburg, 1902. — M. Jansen : Papst Bonifatius IX. u. s. Beziehungen zur deutschen Kirche, Freiburg, 1904. — H, Bruce : The Age of Schism, New York, 1907. — E, J. Kitts : In the Days of the Councils. A Sketch of the Life and Times of Baldassare Cossa, John XXIIL, London, 1908. — Hefele-Knopfler : Conciliengesch., VI. 727-936.